Resources+for+Level+3+Investigation+2013

__**RESOURCES FOR LEVEL 3 INVESTIGATION 2015**__

= "Fatal Necessity : British Intervention in New Zealand, 1830-1847" by Peter Adams, Auckland University Press, 1977. =

The “Fatal Necessity” described in Peter Adams’ book refers to the mission creep that accompanied the creation and signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand in February 1840. The Colonial Office developed the treaty from a theoretical duty springing from the legal bond between subject and state, in order to control and protect British subjects who had chosen to go to New Zealand. A second imperative was the increased humanitarian concern for the aboriginal people already there. A third imperative, more urgent from the Antipodean perspective than that of the Colonial Office, was to prevent Maoris selling their land to strangers- particularly the French who were perceived to have designs on New Zealand. The Colonial Office originally planned to gain sovereignty over only parts of New Zealand, but when the New Zealand Company despatched large numbers of settlers under systematic colonization, the Colonial Office realized that the whole colony had to be annexed.

This book shifts between the motivations and actions of individual men at the local, antipodean level- Gipps, Busby and Hobson- and the political manoeuvering of pressure groups and politicians to influence Colonial Office policy in London. In particular Adams concentrates on the Church Missionary Society and its president Dandeson Coates, and the New Zealand Association- later the New Zealand Land Company- a group of investors influenced by Wakefieldian ideas of systematic colonization. Diametrically opposed in their objectives, these two pressure groups circled around the main political and bureaucratic figures in colonial affairs, conducting meetings, petitioning and lobbying all as part of the game of politics and patronage.

Ten thousand miles away, Gipps, Hobson, Busby and Wentworth may have thought that they were key players and that their actions and submissions were influential, but this was a delusion.

http://www.history-nz.org/ check out this website (there is evidence of French purchasing land)

http://posttreatysettlements.org.nz/the-full-and-final-fantasy/
 * discussion on causes still to this day**

http://www.johnkey.co.nz/archives/883-Beyond-Grievance-Waitangi-Day-Speech-2010.html
 * John Key's Point of View 2010:**

Why did the British Government but a right of the Crown to be the only purchaser of Maori land - into the clauses of the Treaty of Waitangi? http://www.justice.govt.nz/tribunals/waitangi-tribunal/documents/theme-research-reports/d-the-crowns-right


 * An interactive resource about the Treaty of Waitangi: **

@http://www.waitangi.org.nz/education/

http://www.waitangi.org.nz/explore-the-treaty#/treatyvideo/eng



http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/classroom/ncea3/19th-century-history-overview - Maori Pakeha Race Relations in the 18th and 19th centuries

The British Empire http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWedTbuAtR4

VERY GOOD STUFF: http://www.waitangi.com/other/othermain.html WHAT IS COLONIALISM RE NZ? http://www.waitangi.com/other/isms.html RELIGIOUS EVANGELISM AS A FORCE OR DRIVER http://www.waitangi.com/religion/trailof.html AND http://www.waitangi.com/cms/cmsmain.html

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Economic driver of the New Zealand Company preying on social drivers [the desire by migrants to leave Britain also for economic and social reasons: famine in Ireland, enclosure in Scotland] http://www.waitangi.com/politics/associat.html=====

Political Reasons why the British Government had to get a treaty signed quickly: http://www.waitangi.com/politics/accuse.html

Who was "moved" to come to NZ prior to 1840? Why? What was the result for Maori? What was the result for them? http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history-of-immigration/page-1

What was the nature of the Maori world view, that applied at the time of the Treaty of Waitangi ? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NssGOwNx12w. This video explains social norms and expectations, code of conduct. VERY GOOD.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hzr-F4Hfgjo Very good

media type="file" key="The Treaty of Waitangi_ An Introduction.flv" width="360" height="270"

media type="file" key="why_missionaries.flv" width="360" height="270"

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEOx3QyjxIs&list=PL233B85A89759F253 TVNZ What really happened? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0J1o4Pl2Scw Hobson's Treaty of Waitangi http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVejzkHW8ts Muskets, Flax and Bibles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_IVJuBCaiY Whalers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZeVW0eapP8 Annexation of New Zealand Lecture http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_2ZFTFtR7A The Boyd Massacre

Instructions for Hobson Lord Normanby's Brief Why a Treaty? Why a Treaty? Key People: http://www.treatyofwaitangi.net.nz/KeyPeople.html#A1 William Colenso and the Treaty The Colenso Project - http://www.williamcolenso.co.nz/ The Declaration of Independence and Colenso http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/theme.aspx?irn=1295 William Colenso

Imperialism's role as a force or movement in the signing of the ToW



** THE FIRST IMMIGRANT SHIPS **

=
The British barque //Rosanna// is believed to have been the first immigrant ship to enter the harbour at Port Nicholson, (Wellington) in the year 1826. Captain James Herd had on board 25 immigrants and his orders from the members of a fledgling, unformed //New Zealand Association// in London, were to find a suitable site for settlement in New Zealand.=====

=
Unimpressed with the foreshore and surrounding countryside, the ship sailed northwards to Hokianga, in the Bay of Islands, where a landing was made. Here, the would-be settlers became alarmed at the stories of the ferocious Maori natives who lived in the area, imploring the Captain to take them on to Sydney, Australia. The first attempts at a settlement had failed.=====

=
//Edward Gibbon Wakefield// was the driving force behind the future governing body of the //New Zealand Company// and it was his propaganda that enticed many settlers to leave their native England and Scotland to begin a new life on the other side of the world. Wakefield first described New Zealand as "the fittest country in the world for colonisation" to a House of Commons Committee. In 1837, the New Zealand Association was properly set up to colonise New Zealand along Wakefield's recommendations; approval being given by the government committee "to found and govern a settlement in New Zealand."=====

=
The British government expected the company to subscribe capital for the venture; restrictions were imposed that prior Maori consent must be given to any settlement. The association was subsequently dissolved and the New Zealand Company founded with a nominal capital of £400,000. In December, 1838, the government appointed //Captain William Hobson// to be the new Governor of New Zealand and negotiate with the Maori chiefs over the acquisition of sovereignty of New Zealand for the British crown.=====

=
The company began its an advertising campaign in 1839 in all the National newpapers throughout England and Scotland for settlers and trades people to emigrate to New Zealand aboard the company vessels.=====

=
Colonel William Wakefield was ordered to sail in the barque //Tory//, a fast 382 ton vessel which left Gravesend on the 5th May, 1839, on an expedition to select a suitable landing site for the vessels and to purchase land from the Maori. There were thirtyfive people on board including Edward Wakefield and a Maori named Neti, who was to act as interpreter between the parties.=====

=
On the 30th September a deal was struck over the sale of land between the New Zealand Company agent, Wakefield and the Maori chiefs. This was formalised with the raising of the British flag at Petone to a 20 gun salute from the //Tory// anchored in the bay.=====

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Amazingly, before any assurances had reached England from Wakefield that the land had been purchased, three fully laden vessels with provisions and passengers, had already set sail for New Zealand. The ship's Captain's had no idea where their emigrant passengers were to make a landing in the new colony, or whether agreement had been reached with the Maori to receive a large group of settlers. Their instructions were to sail for Port Hardy, D'Urville Island (Cook Strait) and await for directions, when Wakefield would meet them aboard the 'Tory'.=====

=
The immigrant ships the //Oriental, Aurora, and Adelaide,//chartered by the New Zealand Company, were already on the high seas. Together they had aboard over 800 emigrants wishing to establish the first colony of white settlers in New Zealand.=====

=
The //Aurora,// a vessel of 550 tons under the command of Captain Heale, carried 58 male passengers and 90 females, having left London Docks on the 18th September, 1839, the same day as the Adelaide. The //Oriental// had sailed three days earlier arriving at Petone on the 22nd January the following year after a passage from Britain to New Zealand of 126 days.=====

=
Each of these ships arrived within three months, the journey taking between 124 and 172 days. The //New Zealand Company// surveyors had only arrived a few weeks before and none of the land at Petone had been prepared, leaving the arriving emigrants disappointed and disillusioned. The men went ashore to work for the company, (the only employer), erecting a wharf and building wooden huts and raupo shelters along the foreshore, helped by the local maori. The families and children stayed aboard until these were completed when they disembarked with their belongings in the ships longboats, riding through the surf onto the beach.=====

=
On the 13th August, 1840, the barque //London// chartered by the //New Zealand Company,//sailed from the Port of London bound for Port Nicholson with 228 emigrants aboard. She arrived on the 12th December, 1840. There had been four infant deaths during the voyage and six new births.//(see "Circular Saw Line")//. Astonished by the number of settlers arriving, the local maori asked if the 'whole tribe' had come out from England? Little did they realise that this was only the beginning of the settlement of New Zealand.=====

=
On February 24th 1840, the 350 ton barque //Platina// sailed from Gravesend under the command of Captain Wycherley for Port Nicholson. In the cargo hold was a pre-fabricated house which was to be the residence of the Governor, Captain William Hobson RN.=====

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He had not decided where he was going to place the //capital// of New Zealand. Port Nicholson seemed to be the logical place for the Governor to reside as the population of white Europeans numbered some 4,000 immigrants and settlers at that time.=====

=
Captain Hobson had, however, signed the Treaty of Waitangi with the Maori chiefs in the Bay of Islands, from where he had travelled down in the //Tory// to the Waitemata at the instigation of the Rev. Henry Williams. He was extremely impressed with the Waitemata harbour and the surrounding countryside.=====

=
He decided that the new //capital// was to be set up here and not sited in Wellington as recommended by the New Zealand Company. He ordered the //Platina// to sail to Auckland from Port Nicholson, where his 16 room pre-fabricated house, made of Norweigian timber, was unloaded and erected on a site chosen by him overlooking the harbour. He named his capital "Auckland" after his patron and former commander, Lord Auckland, Governor-General of India at that time.=====

=
Three days later, the barque //Anna Watson// with the various government officials, including Felton Matthew, surveyor-general and Captain Symonds, chief magistrate and 32 mechanics with their wives and children who had remained in the Bay of Islands, sailed up the Waitemata to the new seat of Government for New Zealand. The Union Jack flag was raised on September, 18th, 1840, to a 15 gun salute from the //Platina.//=====

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Their passengers comprised a mixture of family groups, no old people, just middle aged and young married families and their children; a few widows with adult sons and several single women who were sisters or cousins of adult male migrants.=====

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All of the males had a trade, farm servants, labourers,gardeners, blacksmiths, carpenters, joiners, millwrights, masons and bricklayers. The single women had been employed as dairymaids, seamstresses or domestic servants.=====

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The barques, the //Duchess of Argyle, (667 tons) and Jane Gifford,(558 tons),// left the Port of Glascow on June 9th and June 18th, 1842. The 'Duchess' carried 172 men, 171 women and 192 children and the 'Jane Gifford' 82 men, 81 women and 92 children, the vessels arriving on October 9th. During the long arduous journey there had been 34 deaths between the two ships, many of them small children and babies in arms. There were 16 new births recorded in the log.=====

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Disembarking began using the ship's boats taking the passengers into Mechanic's Bay. It was low tide and the longboats grounded in the soft mud. The boatloads of migrants were forced to carry their children and boxes on their shoulders, while knee deep in the soft mud which lay between them and the sandy beach. The families crowded into the thirty rhaupo huts erected along the foreshore.=====

=
There was shortage of builders in Auckland and Captain Hobson, thinking to recruit some, advertised in the Wellington newspapers. He was accused of "enticing labourers and carpenters from Wellington" by the //New Zealand Company// but solved the problem by bringing 30 master builders from Australia aboard the //Chelydra// to build his new city.=====

=
The immigrant ship //Westminster// left Plymouth in December, 1842 and arrived in Auckland the following April. The passenger manifest listed some 79 families aboard, who were to find life difficult in the new colony with little work on offer. Late in 1843, the new Governor, Captain Robert Fitzroy, RN, his wife and three children arrived aboard the barque //Bangalore.// He was no polititian and after lobbying by the //New Zealand Company// to the British Colonial Office, was ordered to be replaced after only fourteen months as Governor. Fitzroy returned to the British navy where he later gained the rank of Admiral.=====

=
The soldiers aboard the //Ramillies// were known as the "Fencibles" and were recruited from British soldiers who had been put on half-pay in the reserve. The British government was running out of money and suggested that these men could be sent out to New Zealand as settlers. Each would be given a cottage and one acre of land in New Zealand, which would become freehold after seven years. Officers would be put back on full pay and granted 40 acres of land and a two storey house.=====

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The //Ramillies// left Tilbury Docks on April 14th, 1847, arriving at Auckland in August much to the surprise of the New Zealand military, who knew nothing of the arrangements. There was no land or cottages assigned for them and they were billitted in Albert Barracks while a new army quarters was built at Onehunga. Meanwhile, there was no soldiering; the men worked on building the new roads. In time, the cottages were built at last and the land awarded to each family. The government had kept the British Colonial Office promises.=====

=
Other immigrant ships arrived with more soldiers. The //Minerva// arrived in July, 1847 with troops from northern England. The //Sir Robert Sale// left Cork, Ireland, left three days later, with the first consignment of passengers from Southern Ireland who were taken to St. John's College for a meal and welcome to their new country on arrival in Auckland.=====

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The barque 312 ton //William Bryan// left Plymouth with 148 families aboard and anchored off the Cook Strait Whaling Station on the 20th March 1841. The Captain was advised that their final destination was to be Taranaki where they were to be landed at Moturoa Beach.=====

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By the 6th April all the cargo from the vessel had been successfully floated ashore and its passengers had all been landed. Storehouses and an agents residence had been rafted ashore from the vessel to the beach which fronted Mount Eliot. Half the passengers from the ship were women and children, who lived, as best they could, in raupo houses built for them along the shoreline.=====

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The immigrant vessel, //Amelia Thompson// with 187 passengers was closely followed by the //Regina, Oriental, Timandra, Blenheim// and in July 1842, the //Essex.// each landing their passengers in Taranaki.=====

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During the 1841 period, new settlements sprang up on both islands of New Zealand. Three ships were dispatched from England to carry out a survey for the new Nelson settlement. The barques //Whitby, Will Watch// and the brig //Arrow// left with 59 officials and labourers. The //Will Watch// carried 45 labourers, while the cargo hold of the //Arrow// was packed with stores of all kinds for the settlers.=====

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The first two vessels sailed on the 2nd May, 1841 from Gravesend but the //Arrow// did not get away until the 21st. All three vessels arrived at Port Nicholson when there was some argument over the site. The expedition crossed Cook Strait to explore the district, when it was finally agreed that the settlement would be located in the S.E. corner of Wakatu Bay.=====

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Late October 1841, saw a second migrant wave of ships heading for Nelson, New Zealand. The small brig //Lloyds// carried the wives and children of the men sent out in the first settlers. She was accompanied by the //Lord Auckland, Fifeshire, Mary Ann,// the four ships carrying some 764 people bound for the settlement.=====

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The //Lloyd// was reported on arrival as being badly overcrowded with poor and cramped conditions during the voyage which resulted in the death of 65 children. The Captain and doctor were both censured by Captain Wakefield, who refused to sign the clearance certificate so neither could claim his pay.=====

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The Free Church of Scotland were influenced by Edward Wakefield's praise of the new colony and the promises of a settlement. Committees were set up in Edinburgh and Glascow and urged on by the Rev. Thomas Burns, two ships were chartered by the church to make the journey.=====

=
The //Philip Laing// carried 247 emigrants and the //John Wickliffe// 97 families. They left England on the 27th November and the 14th December, 1847 bound for Otago Harbour and the new settlement of Dunedin.=====

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The 'John Wickliffe' was the storeship for the expedition and was heavily laden with a vast supply of goods. There were thousands of bricks and slates, tools for the plumbers and painters, blacksmiths and wheelwrights supplies, wheelbarrows, spades, pickaxes, guns and a large consignment of general provisions. Cash, gold and silver, to the value of £500, was carefully locked away in the ships strongroom.=====

=
The "Philip Laing" entered Otago Harbour on the 15th April 1848, just 23 days after the arrival of the John Wickliffe. These vessels were followed by the immigrant ships //Victory, Blundell and Bernicia.//=====

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The Canterbury Association was formed by the Church of England. In 1849, Captain Thomas, a surveyor, who had come out with the Wellington settlers, was sent to Lyttelton to plan the layout of a new settlement. In 1850, J.R. Godley arrived as head of the Association, to prepare the way for the settlers and build a barracks to house them on arrival.=====

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Assembled at the Port of Plymouth were 782 emigrants who were aboard the four ships which sailed for New Zealand on the 8th September, 1850. Their cargo included several pre-fabricated houses, a church organ and a printing press. Cabin passengers paid £42 and the steerage passegers £15 each(numbering 575), many assisted from church association funds.=====

=
The //Charlotte Jane, the Randolph, the Sir George Seymour and the Cressy// left Plymouth on the 7th and 8th September, 1850. Governor and Lady Grey, aboard the government brig //Fly// greeted the emigrants as they came to anchor in Lyttelton Harbour.=====

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There was only a bridle path over the Port Hills and soon the passengers, loaded with their personal belongings, began the trek to the settlement and the end of their long journey. Others with large boxes or goods, took the sea route to Sumner and up the river aboard the small steamers, where freight was charged out at 30/- a ton.=====

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A further 16 ships were dispatched by the Canterbury Association bringing a further 2,500 people into the settlement before the end of 1850, among them the vessels //Castle Eden, Isabella Hercus, and Travancore.//=====

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While the bulk of the settlers to New Zealand came from England, Scotland and Ireland, many tradesmen came from across the Tasman in Australia, arriving in small groups aboard every ship that arrived from Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne.=====