THE+RAPE+OF+NANKING+DEC.+1937

http://www.pacificwar.org.au/JapWarCrimes/TenWarCrimes/Rape_Nanking.html ** THE RAPE OF NANKING OR NANJING MASSACRE (1937)  **

**The Japanese invasion of China in 1937**

Having already seized and annexed China's Manchurian region (1931) and Jehol province (1933), the Japanese were waiting for a pretext to invade and occupy the whole of China. That pretext came in July 1937, when tensions between Chinese troops and Japanese troops engaged in military exercises on occupied Chinese territory produced an exchange of firing near Peking (now Beijing). The Japanese used this incident as an excuse to wage all out war against China.

BURIAL ALIVE AT NANKING (NANJING) 1937

Chinese at Nanking (now known as Nanjing) are being buried alive by grinning Japanese troops who are competing with each other to invent new and more horrible ways to kill Chinese whom they regarded as sub-human. This photograph was taken by a Japanese and processed in a Japanese-owned photographic shop. A Chinese photographic technician made copies that were smuggled out of China. Japanese armies invaded China's northern provinces and quickly captured the ancient Chinese capital Peking (now called Beijing). In the conduct of this war, the Japanese adopted a policy of deliberate savagery in the expectation that it would break the will of the Chinese to resist. Although poorly trained and equipped, the Chinese army and communist irregulars put up strong resistance to Japan's armies which enjoyed overwhelming superiority in numbers, training, and weapons. The Japanese troops responded to Chinese resistance to their invasion by embarking on an orgy of murder, rape, and looting that shocked the civilised world at that time, although it has now been largely forgotten in many Western countries where the rigorous teaching of history is becoming a neglected discipline. While fighting was continuing in northern China, the Japanese launched a second front at the city of Shanghai on the eastern coast of China. Despite determined resistance by Chinese Nationalist troops, the Japanese captured Shanghai in November, 1937. As if to make an exhibition of their brutality to the Western world, the Japanese marched hundreds of Chinese prisoners of war down to the Bund, or river bank, and slaughtered them by machine-gun in full view of horrified observers aboard foreign ships moored in the river. Having captured Shanghai, the Japanese were then able to move up the Yangtze River and lay siege to the Nationalist capital Nanking (now called Nanjing). It is not possible to document here the full extent of the horrors experienced by China at the hands of the Japanese between 1937 and 1945. Those who are interested in a detailed treatment of this terrible episode in China's history will find it in the books of Lord Russell of Liverpool, Iris Chang and Laurence Rees that are mentioned at the end of this chapter. I will mention here only the Rape of Nanking (now called the Nanjing Massacre) which is the best documented of Japanese atrocities in China owing to the presence of Western observers who were eyewitnesses to the mass slaughter, rape and looting that the Japanese inflicted on the unfortunate population of the Chinese capital.

**The Japanese murder, rape, loot, and burn in Nanking (Nanjing) 1937**
The Japanese were infuriated by the strength of Chinese resistance, and when China's Nationalist capital Nanking fell in December 1937, Japanese troops immediately slaughtered thousands of Chinese soldiers who had surrendered to them. The Japanese then rounded up about twenty thousand young Chinese men and transported them in trucks outside the city walls where they were killed in a massive slaughter. Japanese troops were then encouraged by their officers to loot Nanking, and slaughter and rape the Chinese population of the city. For six weeks, life for the Chinese in Nanking became a nightmare. Bands of drunken Japanese soldiers roamed the city, murdering, raping, looting, and burning at whim. Chinese civilians who were stopped on the street, and found to possess nothing of value, were immediately killed. At least twenty thousand Chinese women were raped in Nanking during the first four weeks of the Japanese occupation, and many were mutilated and killed when the Japanese troops were finished with them. The Japanese troops were encouraged by their officers to invent ever more horrible ways to slaughter the Chinese population of the city. When the bodies of murdered Chinese choked the streets and the gutters ran red with their blood, the Japanese were forced to refine their methods of slaughter in the interest of preventing the spread of disease. Batches of Chinese civilians were rounded up and herded into slaughter pits. Here the grinning Japanese soldiers would either bury them alive, hack them to death with their swords, use them for bayonet practice, or pour petrol on the victims and burn them alive. The bodies of thousands of victims of the slaughter were dumped into the Yangtze River until the river was red with their blood. After looting Nanking of anything of value, the Japanese started fires that gutted one third of the city. Independent foreign observers of the Rape of Nanking, including a German businessman and Nazi Party member named John Rabe, were appalled to see Chinese civilians, both men and women, the elderly, and tiny children, put to death by Japanese troops with horrifying brutality. Rabe tried to save as many Chinese as he could by creating a safety zone on his estate. He appealed to Adolf Hitler to intervene, but the Nazi leader rebuffed his appeal. Convincing independent proof of the horrifying scale of the Japanese massacre at Nanking emerged in 1996 with the publication of John Rabe's diary record of the massacre. Japanese soldiers appeared to be quite willing to be photographed with raised swords beside their intended victims, in the act of bayoneting their victims, and posing with their dead victims in the slaughter pits. The atrocities committed by Japanese troops at Nanking were widely publicised by foreign observers, including newspaper correspondents. When the Japanese high command became aware of the full scope of the horror perpetrated by Japanese troops at Nanking, it went to considerable lengths to destroy evidence of the atrocity. Iris Chang gives a very detailed account of the extent and appalling nature of the Japanese atrocities in Nanking in her book "The Rape of Nanking" (published 1997). The horrifying photographs in her book survived the attempt by the Japanese high command to cover up the Nanking atrocities because the perpetrators entrusted the "happy snaps" recording their vile behaviour to a Japanese-owned photographic shop in Shanghai for processing. A Chinese employee secretly made extra copies and smuggled them out of China. CAUTION: Iris Chang's excellent history of the Rape of Nanking contains very disturbing text and photographs. This web-site does not recommend that it be read by young children.

The judges of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (also known as the Tokyo War Crimes Trials) were prepared to accept that //at least// 200,000 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war were slaughtered by the Japanese in the six weeks //after// Nanking fell. The judges were also prepared to accept that the death toll would be much higher if estimates of the number of Chinese burned alive by the Japanese in mass slaughter pits and bodies dumped in the river were added. Non-Japanese historians are prepared to accept that the slaughter at Nanking could have reached as high as 370,000 victims. The appalling brutality displayed by Japanese troops at Nanking was by no means unique. It has been estimated by historians that several million Chinese civilians and prisoners of war were murdered in the course of Japan's undeclared war on China between 1937 and 1945. Despite photographic and independent eyewitness evidence, the Japanese government still refuses to acknowledge or permit Japanese schoolchildren to be told the full story of the slaughter, rape and looting that took place at Nanking in 1937. In recent years, the Japanese government has made a small concession to the weight of international and local criticism of this censorship by permitting brief and vague references in history textbooks to the Rape of Nanking (Nanjing Massacre), but the atrocities are described as the "Nanjing Incident" and the text suggests that the victims died during the battle for the city, and not in a horrifying massacre that took place during the six weeks that followed the fall of the city to the Japanese. Even these small concessions to historical truth are now coming under attack in Japan from militarists and neo-nationalists. The neo-nationalists, who include Japan's Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, prominent members of Japan's parliament, and senior academics such as Professor Nobukatsu Fujioka of Tokyo University, believe that these concessions have gone too far, and that school textbooks should be censored to delete all references to Japanese war guilt and atrocities, and to instil national pride rather than shame. Students of history interested in pursuing this aspect of a particularly brutal war may wish to examine the books and web-sites listed at the end of this chapter. This information has come from: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Second_Sino-Japanese_War

= Second Sino-Japanese War =

Map showing the extent of Japanese control in 1940. || // [|belli] // || Marco Polo Bridge Incident. || changes || Retrocession to China of [|Manchuria], Taiwan and Pescadores ||  || [|United States] 1 || Empire of Japan Collaborationist Chinese Army 2 || Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Bai Chongxi, Peng Dehuai, Joseph Stilwell, Claire Chennault, Albert Wedemeyer || [|Hirohito] , Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Kotohito Kan'in, Matsui Iwane, Hajime Sugiyama, Shunroku Hata, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura, Umezu Yoshijiro, || 700+ US aircraft || 3,200,000 Japanese, 900,000 Chinese collaborators [|[1]]  || 17,530,000 civilians || 1,900,000 military (including 480,000 KIA) || 2 Various Japanese puppet regimes provided significant manpower to support the Japanese occupation. || The **Second Sino-Japanese War** (July 7, 1937-September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan before and during [|World War II]. It was the largest Asian war in the twentieth century. [|[2]] Although the two countries had fought intermittently[on and off] since 1931, full-scale war started in earnest in 1937 and ended only with the surrender of Japan in 1945. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese [|imperialist] policy aiming to dominate China politically and militarily to secure its vast raw material reserves and other resources. At the same time, the rising tide of Chinese nationalism and notions of self determination [being able to rule themselves] stoked the coals of war. Before 1937, China and Japan fought in small, localized engagements in so-called "incidents." Yet, the two sides, for a variety of reasons, refrained from fighting a total war. The 1931 invasion of [|Manchuria] by Japan is known as the "Mukden Incident." The last of these incidents was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, marking the official beginning of [|full scale war] between the two countries. The invasion was condemned and declared illegal by the [|League of Nations] but, as with the [|Italian] occupation of [|Ethiopia] from 1935, the League of Nations was not able to enforce any sanctions. From 1937 to 1941, China fought alone. After the [|Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor], the Second Sino-Japanese War merged into the greater conflict of World War II. Japan, like Italy, was late in launching its extra-territorial imperial project. This was not an expression of the will of the people, but of the militaristic leaders of the nation at the time. However, it was also an assertion of Japan's status as a power in her own right. Having successfully warded off the interference by the European [|colonial] powers of the [|U.S.], she now aspired to become an imperial power in the image of those who had tried to dominate her, so blame for atrocities that were committed ought properly to be shared. All imperial powers, including those who censured Japan's actions as immoral, have committed crimes against humanity. [ [|hide] ]
 * ~ Second Sino-Japanese War ||
 * = Part of [|World War II] ||
 * = [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/f/fe/Japanese_Occupation_-_Map.jpg/300px-Japanese_Occupation_-_Map.jpg width="300" height="229" caption="Map showing the extent of Japanese control in 1940" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Japanese_Occupation_-_Map.jpg"]]
 * ||~ Date || July 7, 1937–September 9, 1945 (minor fighting since 1931) ||
 * ~ Location || China ||
 * ~ Result || Japanese unconditional surrender ||
 * ~ // [|Casus] //
 * ~ Territorial
 * ~ Combatants ||
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] China
 * ~ Commanders ||
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] [|Chiang Kai-shek] ,
 * ~ Strength ||
 * 5,600,000 Chinese
 * ~ Casualties ||
 * 3,220,000 military,
 * 1 On July 1942, the Flying Tigers became an official United States Army Air Force unit.
 * == Contents ==
 * [|1 Nomenclature]
 * [|2 Background]
 * [|3 Japan's invasion of China]
 * [|4 Chinese resistance strategy]
 * [|5 Foreign involvement]
 * [|6 Entrance of Western Allies]
 * [|7 Conclusion and aftermath]
 * [|8 Legacy: Who fought the War of Resistance?]
 * [|9 Casualties assessment]
 * [|9.1 Chinese casualties]
 * [|9.2 Japanese casualties]


 * [|10 Number of troops involved]
 * [|10.1 National Revolutionary Army]
 * [|10.2 Imperial Japanese Army]


 * [|11 Chinese and Japanese equipment]
 * [|11.1 The National Revolutionary Army]
 * [|11.2 The Imperial Japanese Army]


 * [|12 Major figures]
 * [|12.1 China: Nationalist]
 * [|12.2 China: Communist]
 * [|12.3 Japan: Imperial Japanese Army]
 * [|12.4 Puppet governments]
 * [|12.5 Foreign personnel on Chinese side]


 * [|13 Military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War]
 * [|13.1 Battles]
 * [|13.2 Aerial engagements]
 * [|13.3 Japanese invasions and operations]
 * [|13.4 List of Japanese political and military incidents]


 * [|14 Attacks on civilians]
 * [|15 See also]
 * [|16 Notes]
 * [|17 References]
 * [|18 External links]
 * [|19 Credits] ||

Nomenclature
In Chinese, the war is most commonly known as the **War of Resistance Against Japan,** and also known as the **Eight Years' War of Resistance,** or simply **War of Resistance.** In [|Japan], the name Japan-China War //is most commonly used because of its neutrality. When the war began in July 1937 near [|Beijing], the government of Japan used **North China Incident,**// Hokushi Jihen//), and with the outbreak of war in Central China next month, it was changed to **China Incident,**// Shina Jihen//).// The word //incident,// //jihen//) was used by Japan as neither country had declared war on each other. Japan wanted to avoid intervention by other countries such as the [|United Kingdom] and particularly the [|United States], which had been the biggest [|steel] exporter to Japan. American President [|Franklin D. Roosevelt] would have had to impose an embargo due to the Neutrality Acts had the fighting been named a war. In Japanese [|propaganda] however, the invasion of China became a "holy war" //(seisen)//, the first step of the //Hakko ichiu// (eight corners of the world under one roof). In 1940, prime minister Konoe thus launched the League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War. When both sides formally declared war in December 1941, the name was replaced by //Greater East Asia War,// //Daitōa Sensō//). Although the Japanese government still uses "China Incident" in formal documents, because the word [|//Shina//] is considered a derogatory word by China, media in Japan often paraphrase with other expressions like **The Japan-China Incident** (//Nikka Jihen//, //Nisshi Jihen//), which were used by media even in the 1930s. Also, the name //Second Sino-Japanese War// is not usually used in Japan, as the [|First Sino-Japanese War], //Nisshin-Sensō//), between Japan and the [|Qing Dynasty] in 1894 is not regarded to have obvious direct linkage with the second, between Japan and the Republic of China.

Background
Generalissimo [|Chiang Kai-shek] announced the [|Kuomintang] policy of resistance against Japan at Lushan on July 10, 1937, three days after the Battle of Lugou Bridge. The origin of the Second Sino-Japanese War can be traced to the [|First Sino-Japanese War] of 1894-95, in which China, then under the [|Qing Dynasty], was defeated by Japan and was forced to cede Taiwan and recognize the independence of [|Korea] in the [|Treaty of Shimonoseki]. The Qing Dynasty was on the brink of collapse from internal revolts and foreign [|imperialism], while Japan had emerged as a great power through its effective measures of modernization. The Republic of China was founded in 1912, following the Xinhai Revolution which overthrew the Qing Dynasty. However, the nascent Republic was even weaker than its predecessor because of the dominance of warlords. Unifying the nation and repelling imperialism seemed a very remote possibility. Some warlords even aligned themselves with various foreign powers in an effort to wipe each other out. For example, warlord Zhang Zuolin of [|Manchuria] openly cooperated with the Japanese for military and economic assistance. It was during the early period of the Republic that Japan became the greatest foreign threat to China. In 1915, Japan issued the //Twenty-One Demands// to further its political and commercial interests in China. Following [|World War I], Japan acquired the [|German] sphere of influence in [|Shandong]. China under the Beiyang government remained fragmented and unable to resist foreign incursions until the Northern Expedition of 1926-28, launched by the [|Kuomintang] (KMT, or Chinese Nationalist Party) in [|Guangzhou] against various warlords. The Northern Expedition swept through China until it was checked in Shandong, where Beiyang warlord Zhang Zongchang, backed by the Japanese, attempted to stop the Kuomintang Army from unifying China. This situation culminated in the Jinan Incident of 1928 in which the Kuomintang army and the Japanese were engaged in a short conflict. In the same year, Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin was also assassinated when he became less willing to cooperate with Japan. Following these incidents, the Kuomintang government under [|Chiang Kai-shek] finally succeeded in unifying China in 1928. Japanese troops entering Shenyang during //Mukden Incident//. Still, numerous conflicts between China and Japan persisted as Chinese nationalism had been on the rise and one of the ultimate goals of the Three Principles of the People was to rid China of foreign imperialism. However, the Northern Expedition had only nominally unified China, and civil wars broke out between former warlords and rival Kuomintang factions. In addition, the Chinese Communists revolted against the central government following a purge of its members. Because of these situations, the Chinese central government diverted much attention into fighting these civil wars and followed a policy of "first internal pacification before external resistance." This situation provided an easy opportunity for Japan to further its goals. In 1931, the Japanese invaded Manchuria right after the Mukden Incident. After five months of fighting, in 1932, the puppet state [|Manchukuo] was established with the last emperor of China, [|Puyi], installed as its head of state. Unable to challenge Japan directly, China appealed to the [|League of Nations] for help. The League's investigation was published as the Lytton Report, which condemned Japan for its incursion of Manchuria, and led Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations. From the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, appeasement was the policy of the international community and no country was willing to take an active stance other than a weak censure. Japan saw Manchuria as a limitless supply of raw materials and as a buffer state against the [|Soviet Union]. Incessant conflicts followed the Mukden Incident. In 1932, Chinese and Japanese soldiers fought a short war in the January 28 Incident. The war resulted in the demilitarization of [|Shanghai], which forbade the Chinese from deploying troops in their own city. In Manchukuo there was an ongoing campaign to defeat the volunteer armies that arose from the popular frustration at the policy of nonresistance to the Japanese. In 1933, the Japanese attacked the Great Wall region, and in its wake the Tanggu Truce was signed, which gave Japan the control of Rehe province and a demilitarized zone between the Great Wall and Beiping-Tianjin region. The Japanese aim was to create another buffer region, this time between Manchukuo and the Chinese Nationalist government whose capital was Nanjing. In addition, Japan increasingly utilized the internal conflicts among the Chinese factions to reduce their strength one by one. This was precipitated by the fact that even some years after the Northern Expedition, the political power of the Nationalist government only extended around the Yangtze River Delta region, and other regions of China were essentially held in the hands of regional powers. Thus, Japan often bought off or created special links with these regional powers to undermine the efforts of the central Nationalist government in bringing unity to China. To do this, Japan sought various Chinese collaborators and helped these men lead governments that were friendly to Japan. This policy was called the //Specialization// of North China (Chinese: 華北特殊化; [|pinyin] : húaběitèshūhùa), or more commonly known as the North China Autonomous Movement. The northern provinces affected by this policy were Chahar, Suiyuan, [|Hebei], [|Shanxi] , and [|Shandong]. This Japanese policy was most effective in the area of what is now Inner Mongolia and Hebei. In 1935, under Japanese pressure, China signed the He-Umezu Agreement, which forbade the KMT from conducting party operations in Hebei. In the same year, the Ching-Doihara Agreement was signed and vacated the KMT from Chahar. Thus, by the end of 1935, the Chinese central government had virtually vacated North China. In its place, the Japanese-backed East Hebei Autonomous Council and the Hebei-Chahar Political Council were established. There in the vacated area of Chahar the Mongol Military Government was formed on May 12, 1936 with Japan providing military and economic aid. This government tried to take control of Suiyuan in late 1936 and early 1937 but was defeated. Immediately after the successful outcome of this campaign the Xi'an Incident occurred resulting temporarily in the end of the [|Chinese Civil War] and the forming of a United Front of the CPC and KMT against Japan on December 24, 1936.

Japan's invasion of China
Casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese bombing of Chongqing. More than 5000 civilians died during the first two days of air raids in 1939. [|[3]] Most historians place the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War on July 7, 1937, at the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, when a crucial access point to Beijing was assaulted by the Japanese. Some Chinese historians, however place the starting point at the Mukden Incident of September 18, 1931. Following the Mukden Incident, the Japanese Kwantung Army occupied Manchuria and established the puppet state of Manchukuo on February 18 1932. Japan tried forcing the Chinese government to recognize the independence of Manchukuo. However, when the [|League of Nations] determined that Manchukuo was a product of Japanese aggression, Japan withdrew from the League. Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937, the Japanese occupied Shanghai, Nanjing and Southern Shanxi in campaigns involving approximately 350,000 Japanese soldiers, and considerably more Chinese soldiers. Historians estimate up to 300,000 people perished in the [|Nanking Massacre], after the fall of Nanjing on December 13, 1937, while some Japanese historians denied the existence of a massacre at all. The height of Japanese army advance culminated in capturing the city of Wuhan. Aerial combat between the Chinese Air Force and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy Air Forces began in earnest in August 1937. By the end of 1940 the Chinese air force was effectively wiped out because China lacked the technological, industrial and military infrastructure to replace aircraft lost during combat. Throughout the next few years, the Imperial air force of the Navy and the Army launched the world's first massive air bombing raids of civilian targets on nearly every major city in China, leaving millions dead, injured, and homeless. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident not only marked the beginning of an open, undeclared, war between China and Japan, but also hastened the formation of the Second United Front between the [|Kuomintang] (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The cooperation took place with salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP. The high point of the cooperation came in 1938 during the Battle of Wuhan. However, the distrust between the two antagonists was scarcely veiled. The uneasy alliance began to break down by late 1938, despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions, and the rich [|Yangtze River] Valley in central China. After 1940, open conflict between the Nationalists and Communists became more frequent in the areas outside Japanese control, culminating in the New Fourth Army Incident. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities were presented, through mass organizations, administrative reforms, land and tax reform measures favoring [|peasants], while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence and fight the Japanese at the same time. Japanese marines at Guangdong in the Battle of Wuhan. The Japanese implemented a strategy of creating friendly puppet governments favorable to Japanese interests in the territories conquered. However, the atrocities committed by the Japanese army made these governments very unpopular and ineffective. The Japanese did succeed in recruiting and forming a large Collaborationist Chinese Army to maintain public security in the occupied areas. By 1940, the fighting had reached a stalemate. While Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China and Vietnam, [|guerrilla] fighting continued in the conquered areas. The Nationalist government of [|Chiang Kai-shek] struggled on from a provisional capital at the city of [|Chongqing]. China, with its low industrial capacities and limited experience in modern warfare, could not launch any decisive counter-offensive against Japan. Chiang could not risk an all-out campaign given the poorly-trained, under-equipped, and disorganized state of his armies and opposition to his leadership both within Kuomintang and in China at large. He had lost a substantial portion of his best trained and equipped army defending Shanghai and was at times at the mercy of his generals, who maintained a high degree independence from the central KMT government. On the other hand, Japan had suffered tremendous casualties from unexpectedly stubborn resistance in China and already developed problems in administering and garrisoning the seized territories. Neither side could make any swift progress in a manner resembling the [|fall of France] and Western Europe to Nazi Germany.

Chinese resistance strategy
Chinese soldiers march to the front in 1939. The basis of Chinese strategy during the war can be divided into three periods: Unlike Japan, China was unprepared for [|total war] and had little military-industrial strength, no mechanized divisions, and few armored forces. Up until the mid-1930s China had hoped that the [|League of Nations] would provide countermeasures to Japan's aggression. In addition, the Kuomintang government was mired in a civil war against the Communists, as Chiang was famously quoted: "The Japanese are a disease of the skin, the Communists are a disease of the heart." Though the Communists formed the New Fourth Army and the 8th Route Army which were nominally under the command of the National Revolutionary Army, the United Front was never truly unified, as each side was preparing for a showdown with the other once the Japanese were driven out. Even under these extremely unfavorable circumstances, Chiang realized that in order to win the support from the [|United States] or other foreign nations, China must prove that it was indeed capable of fighting. A fast retreat would discourage foreign aid so Chiang decided to make a stand in the Battle of Shanghai. Chiang sent the best of his German-trained divisions to defend China's largest and most industrialized city from the Japanese. The battle lasted over three months saw heavy casualties on both sides and ended with a Chinese retreat towards Nanjing. While this was a military defeat for the Chinese, it proved that China would not be defeated easily and showed China's determination to the world, which became an enormous morale booster for the Chinese people as it ended the Japanese taunt that Japan could conquer Shanghai in three days and China in three months. Afterward, the Chinese began to adopt the strategy of "trading space for time" (Chinese: 以空間換取時間). The Chinese army would put up fights to delay Japanese advance to northern and eastern cities, to allow the home front, along with its professionals and key industries, to retreat west into [|Chongqing]. As a result of Chinese troops' scorched earth strategies, where dams and levees were intentionally sabotaged to create massive flooding, the consecutive Japanese advancements and conquests began to stall in late-1938. Chinese soldiers in house-to-house fighting in Battle of Tai'erzhuang. **Second Period**: October 25, 1938 (Fall of Wuhan) - April 1944 (before Operation Ichi-Go). During this period, the Chinese main objective was to prolong the war. Therefore, the Chinese army adopted the concept of "magnetic warfare" to attract advancing Japanese troops to definite points where they were subjected to ambush, flanking attacks, and encirclements in major engagements. The most prominent example of this tactic is the successful defense of Changsha numerous times. Also, CCP and other local guerrillas forces continued their resistance in occupied areas to pester the enemy and make their administration over the vast lands of China difficult. As a result the Japanese really only controlled the cities and railroads, while the countryside were almost always hotbeds of partisan activity. By 1940, the war had reached a stalemate with both sides making minimal gains. The Chinese had successfully defended their land from oncoming Japanese on several occasions, while strong resistance in areas occupied by the Japanese made a victory seem impossible to the Japanese. This frustrated the Japanese and led them to employ the "Three Alls Policy" (kill all, loot all, burn all), Hanyu Pinyin: //Sānguāng Zhèngcè//, [|Japanese] On: //Sankō Seisaku//). It was during this time period that the bulk of Japanese atrocities were committed. At this stage Japan conducted its final offensive in China. Although large areas were captured in this massive operation, the Japanese military resources were exhausted and its army stretched to the limit. This allowed the Chinese to begin general full frontal counter-attacks to take back cities lost during Operation Ichi-Go, but these operations ended abruptly after the Japanese surrendered.
 * First Period:** July 7, 1937 (Battle of Lugou Bridge)–October 25, 1938 (Fall of Wuhan).
 * Third Period:** April 17, 1944 (Operation Ichi-Go)-August 15, 1945 (Japanese Surrender).

Foreign involvement
German military personnel in China, 1936 I-16 with Chinese insignia. I-16 was the main fighter plane used by the Chinese Air Force and Soviet volunteers. The Second Sino-Japanese War was not just a war between Japan and China, but involved many nations that had different vested interests that influenced their position and action taken during different phases of this war. It is clear that China had an intensely difficult task at hand in attempting to win [|Allies] ' support while they had motives not necessarily in congruence with China's. At the outbreak of full scale war, many global powers were reluctant to provide support to China; because in their opinion the Chinese would eventually lose the war, and they did not wish to antagonize the Japanese who might, in turn, eye their colonial possessions in the region. They expected any support given to Kuomintang might worsen their own relationship with the Japanese, who taunted the Kuomintang with the prospect of conquest within three months. However, [|Germany] and the [|Soviet Union] did provide support to the Chinese before the war escalated to the Asian theater of [|World War II]. Prior to the outbreak of the war, Germany and China had close economic and military cooperation, with Germany helping China modernize its industry and military in exchange for raw materials. More than half of the German arms exports during its rearmament period were to China. Nevertheless the proposed 30 new divisions equipped and trained with Germany assistance did not materialize when Germany withdrew its support in 1938. The Soviet Union wished to keep China in the war to hinder the Japanese from invading Siberia, thus saving itself from a two front war. In September 1937 the Soviet leadership signed Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, began aiding China and approved Operation Zet, a Soviet volunteer air force. As part of the secret operation Soviet technicians upgraded and handled some of the Chinese war-supply transport. Bombers, fighters, military supplies and advisers arrived, including future Soviet war hero Georgy Zhukov, who won the Battle of Halhin Gol. Prior to the entrance of Western allies, the Soviet Union provided the largest amount of foreign aid to China, totaling some $250 million of credits in munitions and supplies. In 1941 Soviet aid ended as a result of the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact and the beginning of Great Patriotic War. This pact avoided the Soviet Union from fighting against Germany and Japan at the same time. From December 1937, events such as the Japanese [|attack on the USS //Panay//] and the [|Nanking Massacre], swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan and increased their fear of Japanese expansionism, which prompted United States, the [|United Kingdom] , and [|France] to provide loan assistance for war supply contracts to Kuomintang. Furthermore, [|Australia] prevented a Japanese Government-owned company from taking over an iron mine in Australia, and banned iron ore exports in 1938. Japan retaliated by invading Vietnam in 1940, and successfully blockaded China and prevented import of arms, fuel and 10,000 metric tons/month of materials supplied by the Western Powers through the Haiphong-Yunnan Fou railway line. By mid-1941, the United States organized the American Volunteer Group, or Flying Tigers. Their early combat success of 300 kills against a loss of 12 of their shark painted P-40 fighters earned them wide recognition at the time when Allies were suffering heavy losses. Entering soon after the U.S. and Japan were at war, their dog fighting tactics would be adopted by U.S. forces. They would also transmit the appreciative Chinese thumbs-up gesture for number one into military culture. In addition, the United States, Britain, and the Netherlands East Indies began oil and/or steel embargos. The loss of oil imports made it impossible for Japan to continue operations in China. This set the stage for Japan to launch a series of military attack against the western Allies, when the Imperial Navy raided [|Pearl Harbor] on December 8, 1941 (December 7 in U.S. time zones).

Entrance of Western Allies
Generalissimo [|Chiang Kai-shek], [|Franklin D. Roosevelt] , and [|Winston Churchill] met at the Cairo Conference in 1943 during World War II. Within a few days of the attack on Pearl Harbor, both the United States and China officially declared war against Japan. Chiang Kai-shek continued to receive supplies from the United States, as the Chinese conflict was merged into the Asian theater of World War II. However, in contrast to the Arctic supply route to the Soviet Union that stayed open most of the war, sea routes to China had long been closed, so between the closing of the Burma Road in 1942 and its re-opening as the Ledo Road in 1945, foreign aid was largely limited to what could be flown in over The Hump. Most of China's own industry had already been captured or destroyed by Japan, and the Soviet Union could spare little from the Eastern Front. Because of these reasons, the Chinese government never had the supplies and equipment needed to mount a major offensive. Chiang was appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief in the China theater in 1942. General Joseph Stilwell served for a time as Chiang's Chief of Staff, while commanding U.S. forces in the China Burma India Theater. However, relations between Stilwell and Chiang soon broke down, because of a number of factors. Some historians suggested it is largely due to the corruption and inefficiency of the Chinese government. However, some historians believed it was a more complicated situation. Stilwell had a strong desire to assume control of Chinese troops, which Chiang vehemently opposed. Stilwell did not appreciate the complexity of the situation, including the buildup of the Chinese Communists during the war (essentially Chiang had to fight a multi-front war—the Japanese on one side, the Communists on the other) Stilwell criticized the Chinese government's conduct of the war in the American media, and to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Chiang was hesitant to deploy more Chinese troops away from the main front because China already suffered tens of millions of war casualties, and believed that Japan would eventually capitulate to America's overwhelming industrial output and manpower. The Allies began to lose confidence in the Chinese ability to conduct offensive operations from the Asian mainland, and instead concentrated their efforts against the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean Areas and South West Pacific Area, employing an island hopping strategy. Generalissimo [|Chiang Kai-shek] and his wife [|Madame Chiang] with Lieutenant General Joseph W. Stilwell in 1942. Conflicts among China, the United States, and the United Kingdom also emerged in the Pacific war. [|Winston Churchill] was reluctant to devote British troops, the majority of whom were defeated by the Japanese in earlier campaigns, to reopen the Burma Road. On the other hand, Stilwell believed that the reopening of the Burma Road was vital to China as all the ports on mainland China were under Japanese control. Churchill's "Europe First" policy obviously did not sit well with Chiang. Furthermore, the later British insistence that China send in more and more troops into Indochina in the Burma Campaign was regarded as an attempt by Great Britain to use Chinese manpower to secure Britain's colonial holdings in Southeast Asia and prevent the gate to [|India] from falling to Japan. Chiang also believed that China should divert its troops to eastern China to defend the airbases of the American bombers, a strategy that U.S. General Claire Chennault supported. In addition, Chiang voiced his support of Indian independence in a meeting with [|Mahatma Gandhi] in 1942, which further soured the relationship between China and the United Kingdom. The United States saw the Chinese theater as a means to tie up a large number of Japanese troops, as well as being a location for American airbases from which to strike the Japanese home islands. In 1944, as the Japanese position in the Pacific was deteriorating fast, the Imperial Japanese Army launched Operation Ichigo to attack the airbases which had begun to operate. This brought the [|Hunan], [|Henan] , and [|Guangxi] provinces under Japanese administration. The failure of the Chinese forces to defend these areas led to the replacement of Stilwell by Major General Albert Wedemeyer. However, Chinese troops under the command of Sun Li-jen drove out the Japanese in North Burma to secure the Ledo Road, a supply route to China. In Spring 1945, the Chinese launched offensives and retook Guangxi and other southwestern regions. With the Chinese army well in the progress training and equipping, Albert Wedemeyer planned to launch Operation Carbonado in summer 1945 to retake [|Guangdong], obtaining a coastal port, and from there drive northwards toward [|Shanghai]. However, the dropping of the atomic bombs hastened Japanese surrender and these plans were not put into action.

Conclusion and aftermath
As of mid 1945, all sides expected the war to continue for at least another year. On August 6, an American B-29 bomber dropped the first atomic bomb used in combat on [|Hiroshima]. On August 9, the Soviet Union renounced its non-aggression pact with Japan and attacked the Japanese in Manchuria, fulfilling its [|Yalta Conference] pledge to attack the Japanese within three months after the end of the war in Europe. The attack was made by three Soviet army groups. In less than two weeks the Kwantung Army in Manchuria, consisting of over a million men but lacking in adequate armor, artillery, or air support, and depleted of many of its best soldiers by the demands of the Allies' Pacific drive, had been destroyed by the Soviets. Later in the day on August 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped by the United States on Nagasaki. Emperor Hirohito officially capitulated to the [|Allies] on August 15, 1945, and the official surrender was signed aboard the battleship [|USS //Missouri//] on September 2. The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered on September 9, 1945, and by the provisions of the Cairo Conference of 1943, the lands of [|Manchuria], Taiwan, and the Pescadores Islands reverted to China. However, the Ryukyu Islands were maintained as Japanese territory. The Chinese return to Liuchow (Liuzhou) in July 1945. In 1945, China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but was actually a nation economically prostrated and on the verge of all-out [|civil war]. The economy deteriorated, sapped by the military demands of a long, costly war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by Nationalist profiteering, speculation, and hoarding. Starvation came in the wake of the war, as large swathes of the prime farming areas had been ravaged by the fighting. Millions were rendered homeless by floods and the destruction of towns and cities in many parts of the country. The problems of rehabilitating the formerly Japanese-occupied areas and of reconstructing the nation from the ravages of a protracted war were staggering. The situation was further complicated by an Allied agreement at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 that brought Soviet troops into Manchuria to hasten the termination of war against Japan. Although the Chinese had not been present at Yalta, they had been consulted; they had agreed to have the Soviets enter the war in the belief that the Soviet Union would deal only with the Nationalist government. After the war, the Soviet Union, as part of the Yalta agreement's allowing a Soviet sphere of influence in Manchuria, dismantled and removed more than half the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese. The Soviet presence in northeast China enabled the Communists to move in long enough to arm themselves with the equipment surrendered by the withdrawing Japanese army. Japanese Instrument of Surrender. The war left the Nationalists severely weakened and their policies left them unpopular. Meanwhile the war strengthened the Communists, both in popularity and as a viable fighting force. At Yan'an and elsewhere in the "liberated areas," [|Mao Zedong] was able to adapt [|Marxism-Leninism] to Chinese conditions. He taught party cadres to lead the masses by living and working with them, eating their food, and thinking their thoughts. When this failed, however, more repressive forms of coercion, indoctrination and ostracization were also employed. The Red Army fostered an image of conducting guerrilla warfare in defense of the people. In addition, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was effectively split into "Red" (cadres working in the "liberated" areas) and "White" (cadres working underground in enemy-occupied territory) spheres, a split that would later sow future factionalism within the CCP. Communist troops adapted to changing wartime conditions and became a seasoned fighting force. Mao also began preparing for the establishment of a new China, well away from the front at his base in Yan'an. In 1940 he outlined the program of the Chinese Communists for an eventual seizure of power and began his final push for consolidation of CCP power under his authority. His teachings became the central tenets of the CCP doctrine that came to be formalized as "Mao Zedong Thought." With skillful organizational and [|propaganda] work, the Communists increased party membership from 100,000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945. Soon, [|all out war broke out] between the KMT and CCP, a war that would leave the Nationalists banished to Taiwan and the Communists victorious on the mainland.

Legacy: Who fought the War of Resistance?
China War of Resistance Against Japan Memorial Museum on the site where Marco Polo Bridge Incident took place. The question as to which political group directed the Chinese war effort and exerted most of the effort to resist the Japanese remains a controversial issue. In the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japan Memorial near the Marco Polo Bridge and in mainland Chinese textbooks, the People's Republic of China (PRC) claims that it was the Communist Party that directed Chinese efforts in the war and did everything to resist the Japanese invasion. Recently, however, with a change in the political climate, the CCP has admitted that certain Nationalist generals made important contributions in resisting the Japanese. The official history in mainland China is that the KMT fought a bloody, yet indecisive, frontal war against Japan, while it was the CCP that engaged the Japanese forces in far greater numbers behind enemy lines. This emphasis on the CCP's central role is partially reflected by the PRC's labeling of the war as the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War of Resistance rather than merely the War of Resistance. According to the PRC official point of view, the Nationalists mostly avoided fighting the Japanese in order to preserve its strength for a final showdown with the Communists. However, for the sake of Chinese reunification and appeasing the ROC on Taiwan, the PRC has now "acknowledged" that the Nationalists and the Communists were "equal" contributors because the victory over Japan belonged to the Chinese people, rather than to any political party. Leaving aside Nationalists sources, scholars researching third party Japanese and Soviet sources have documented quite a different view. Such studies claim that the Communists actually played a minuscule involvement in the war against the Japanese compared to the Nationalists and used guerrilla warfare as well as opium sales to preserve its strength for a final showdown with the Kuomintang. [|[4]] This is congruent with the Nationalist viewpoint, as demonstrated by history textbooks published in Taiwan, which gives the KMT credit for the brunt of the fighting. According to these third-party scholars, the Communists were not the main participants in any of the 22 major battles, most involving more than 100,000 troops on both sides, between China and Japan. Soviet liaison to the Chinese Communists Peter Vladimirov documented that he never once found the Chinese Communists and Japanese engaged in battle during the period from 1942 to 1945. He also expressed frustration at not being allowed by the Chinese Communists to visit the frontline, [|[5]]  although as a foreign diplomat Vladimirov may have been overly optimistic to expect to be allowed to join Chinese guerrilla sorties. The Communists usually avoided open warfare (the Hundred Regiments Campaign and the Battle of Pingxingguan are notable exceptions), preferring to fight in small squads to harass the Japanese supply lines. In comparison, right from the beginning of the war the Nationalists committed their best troops (including the 36th, 87th, 88th divisions, the crack divisions of Chiang's Central Army) to defend Shanghai from the Japanese. The Japanese considered the Kuomintang rather than the Communists as their main enemy [|[6]]  and bombed the Nationalist wartime capital of Chongqing to the point that it was the most heavily bombed city in the world to date. [|[7]] The KMT army suffered some 3.2 million casualties while the CCP increased its military strength from minimally significant numbers to 1.7 million men. This change in strength was a direct result of Japanese forces fighting mainly in Central and Southern China, away from major Communist strongholds such as those in Shaanxi. While the PRC government has been accused of greatly exaggerating the CCP's role in fighting the Japanese, the legacy of the war is more complicated in the Republic of China on Taiwan. Traditionally, the government has held celebrations marking the Victory Day on September 9 (now known as Armed Forces Day), and Taiwan's Retrocession Day on October 25. However, with the power transfer from KMT to the more pro-Taiwan independence pan-green coalition and the rise of desensitization, events commemorating the war have become less commonplace. Many supporters of Taiwan independence see no relevance in preserving the memory of the war of resistance that happened primarily on mainland China (and even sympathize with Japanese actions). Still, commemorations are held in regions where politics is dominated by the pan-blue coalition. Many pan-blue supporters, particularly veterans who retreated with the government in 1949, still have an emotional interest in the war. For example, in celebrating the sixtieth anniversary of the end of war in 2005, the cultural bureau of pan-blue stronghold Taipei held a series of talks in the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall regarding the war and post-war developments, while the KMT held its own exhibit in the KMT headquarters. To this day the war is a major point of contention between China and Japan. The war remains a major roadblock for Sino-Japanese relations, and many people, particularly in China, harbor grudges over the war and related issues. A small but vocal group of Japanese nationalists and/or right-wingers deny a variety of crimes attributed to Japan. The Japanese invasion of its neighbors is often glorified or whitewashed, and wartime atrocities, most notably the [|Nanjing Massacre], [|comfort women] , and Unit 731, are frequently denied by such individuals. The Japanese government has also been accused of historical revisionism by allowing the approval of school textbooks omitting or glossing over Japan's militant past. In response to criticism of Japanese textbook revisionism, the PRC government has been accused of using the war to stir up already growing anti-Japanese feelings in order to whip up nationalistic sentiments and divert its citizens' minds from internal matters.

Casualties assessment
A baby in Shanghai's South Station after a Japanese bombing The conflict lasted for 8 years, 1 month, and 3 days (measured from 1937 to 1945).

Chinese casualties
Chinese sources list the total military and non-military casualties, dead and wounded, of the Chinese were 35 million. [|[9]] Most Western historians believed that the casualties were at least 20 million. [|[10]] Property loss of the Chinese valued up to 383 billion US dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times the [|GDP] of Japan at that time (US$7.7 billion).
 * The Kuomintang fought in 22 major engagements, most of which involved more than 100,000 troops on both sides, 1,171 minor engagements most of which involved more than 50,000 troops on both sides, and 38,931 skirmishes.
 * The Chinese casualties were 3.22 million soldiers. 9.13 million civilians who died in the crossfire, and another 8.4 million as non-military casualties. According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.7 million civilians died during the //"kill all, loot all, burn all"// operation (Three Alls Policy, or sanko sakusen) implemented in May 1942 in North China by general Yasuji Okamura and authorized on December 3, 1941 by Imperial Headquarter Order number 575. [|[8]]
 * In addition, the war created 95 million refugees.

Japanese casualties
The Japanese recorded around 1.1 to 1.9 million military casualties, killed, wounded and missing, although this number is disputed. The official death-toll according to the Japan defense ministry was only about 200,000, but this is believed to be extremely low when considering the length of the conflict. The combined Chinese forces claimed to have killed at most 1.77 million Japanese soldiers during the eight-year war.

National Revolutionary Army
The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) throughout its lifespan employed approximately 4,300,000 regulars, in 370 Standard Divisions, 46 New Divisions, 12 Cavalry Divisions, 8 New Cavalry Divisions, 66 Temporary Divisions, and 13 Reserve Divisions, for a grand total of 515 divisions. However, many divisions were formed from two or more other divisions, and many were not active at the same time. The number of active divisions, at the start of the war in 1937, was about 170 NRA divisions. The average NRA division had 4,000–5,000 troops. A Chinese army was roughly the equivalent to a Japanese division in terms of manpower but the Chinese forces largely lacked artillery, heavy weapons, and motorized transport. The shortage of military hardware meant that three to four Chinese armies had the firepower of only one Japanese division. Because of these material constraints, available artillery and heavy weapons were usually assigned to specialist brigades rather than to the general division, which caused more problems as the Chinese command structure lacked precise coordination. The relative fighting strength of a Chinese division was even weaker when relative capacity in aspects of warfare, such as [|intelligence], logistics, communications, and medical services, are taken into account. The National Revolutionary Army can be divided roughly into two groups. The first one is the so-called //dixi// (嫡系, "direct descent") group, which comprised divisions trained by the Whampoa Military Academy and loyal to Chiang Kai-shek, and can be considered the Central Army of the NRA. The second group is known as the //zapai//, "miscellaneous units"), and comprised all divisions led by non-Whampoa commanders, and is more often known as the Regional Army or the Provincial Army. Even though both military groups were part of the National Revolutionary Army, their distinction lies much in their allegiance to the central government of Chiang Kai-shek. Many former warlords and regional militarists were incorporated into the NRA under the flag of the [|Kuomintang], but in reality they retained much independence from the central government. They also controlled much of the military strength of China, the most notable of them being the Guangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan and Ma Cliques. Although during the war the Chinese Communist forces fought as a nominal part of the NRA, the number of those on the CCP side, due to their [|guerrilla] status, is difficult to determine, though estimates place the total number of the Eighth Route Army, New Fourth Army, and irregulars in the Communist armies at 1,300,000. For more information of combat effectiveness of communist armies and other units of Chinese forces see Chinese armies in the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Imperial Japanese Army
Flag of the Imperial Japanese Army.
 * The IJA had approximately 3,200,000 regulars. More Japanese troops were quartered in China than deployed elsewhere in the Pacific Theater during the war. Japanese divisions ranged from 20,000 men in its divisions numbered less than 100, to 10,000 men in divisions numbered greater than 100. At the time of the Pearl Harbor attack, the IJA had 51 divisions of which 35 were in China, and 39 independent brigades of which all but one were in China. This represented roughly 80% of the IJA's manpower.
 * The Collaborationist Chinese Army in 1938 had 78,000 people, and grew to 145,000 in 1940. Their growth was explosive around 1942-43 reaching 649,640 in a March 17 1943 British Intelligence report. [|[11]]  According to KMT estimates 1,186,000 people were involved in the collaborationist army by the war's end. At their height they fielded a maximum of 900,000 troops. Almost all of them belonged to the regional puppet governments such as [|Manchukuo], Provisional Government of the Republic of China (Beijing), Reformed Government of the Republic of China (Nanjing) and the later collaborationist Nanjing Nationalist Government or Wang Jingwei regime. The puppet and collaborationist troops were mainly assigned to garrison and logistics duties in areas held by the puppet governments and in occupied territories. They were rarely fielded in combat because of low morale and distrust by the Japanese, and fared poorly in skirmishes against real Chinese forces, whether the KMT or the CCP.

The National Revolutionary Army
The Central Army possessed 80 Army infantry divisions with approximately 8,000 men each, nine independent brigades, nine cavalry divisions, two [|artillery brigades], 16 artillery regiments and three armored battalions. The Chinese Navy displaced only 59,000 metric tons and the Chinese Air Force comprised only about 700 obsolete aircraft. Chinese weapons were mainly produced in the Hanyang and [|Guangdong] arsenals. However, for most of the German-trained divisions, the standard firearms were German-made 7.92 mm Gewehr 98 and Karabiner 98k. A local variant of the 98k style rifles were often called the "Chiang Kai-shek rifle" a Chinese copy from the //Mauser Standard Model//. Another rifle they used was Hanyang 88. The standard light machine gun was a local copy of the [|Czech] 7.92 mm Brno ZB26. There were also [|Belgian] and [|French] LMGs. Surprisingly, the NRA did not purchase any of the famous //Maschinengewehr 34//s from [|Germany], but did produce their own copies of them. On average in these divisions, there was one machine gun set for each platoon. Heavy machine guns were mainly locally-made 1924 water-cooled Maxim guns, from German [|blueprints]. On average every battalion would get one HMG. The standard sidearm was the 7.63 mm Mauser M1932 semi-automatic pistol. Some divisions were equipped with 37 mm PaK 35/36 anti-tank guns, and/or mortars from Oerlikon, Madsen, and Solothurn. Each infantry division had 6 French Brandt 81 mm mortars and 6 Solothurn 20 mm autocannons. Some independent brigades and artillery regiments were equipped with Bofors 72 mm L/14, or Krupp 72 mm L/29 mountain guns. They were 24 //Rheinmetall// 150 mm L/32 sFH 18 howitzers (bought in 1934) and 24 Krupp 150 mm L/30 sFH 18 howitzers (bought in 1936). Infantry uniforms were basically redesigned Zhongshan suits. Leg wrappings are standard for soldiers and officers alike since the primary mode of movement for NRA troops was by foot. The helmets were the most distinguishing characteristic of these divisions. From the moment German M35 helmets (standard issue for the //Wehrmacht// until late in the European theatre) rolled off the production lines in 1935, and until 1936, the NRA imported 315,000 of these helmets, each with the 12-ray sun emblem of the ROC on the sides. Other equipment included cloth shoes for soldiers, leather shoes for officers and leather boots for high-ranking officers. Every soldier was issued ammunition, ammunition pouch/harness, a water flask, combat knives, food bag, and a gas mask. On the other hand, warlord forces varied greatly in terms of equipment and training. Some warlord troops were notoriously under-equipped, such as Shanxi's //Dadao Teams// and the [|Yunnanese] army. Some however were highly professional forces with their own air force and navies. The quality of [|Guangxi] 's army was almost on par with the Central Army's, as the [|Guangzhou] region was wealthy and the local army could afford foreign instructors and arms. The Muslim Ma clique to the Northwest was famed for its well-trained cavalry divisions.

The Imperial Japanese Army
Although Imperial Japan possessed significant mobile operational capacity, it did not possess capability for maintaining a long sustained war. At the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War the Japanese Army comprised 17 divisions, each composed of approximately 22,000 men, 5,800 horses, 9,500 rifles and submachine guns, 600 heavy machine guns of assorted types, 108 artillery pieces, and 24 tanks. Special forces were also available. [|The Japanese Navy] displaced a total of 1,900,000 metric tons, ranking third in the world, and possessed 2,700 aircraft at the time. Each Japanese division was the equivalent in fighting strength of four Chinese regular divisions (at the beginning of Battle of Shanghai (1937)).

Major figures

 * === China: Nationalist  ===
 * Bai Chongxi
 * Chen Cheng
 * Chiang Kai-Shek
 * Du Yuming
 * Fang Xianjue
 * Feng Yuxiang
 * Gu Zhutong
 * He Yingqin
 * H. H. Kung
 * Hu Kexian
 * Hu Zongnan
 * Li Zongren
 * Long Yun
 * Ma Zhanshan
 * Song Zheyuan
 * [|Soong May-ling]
 * T. V. Soong
 * Sun Lianzhong
 * Sun Liren
 * Tang Enbai
 * Tang Shengzhi
 * Wang Jingwei
 * Wei Lihuang
 * Xue Yue
 * Yan Xishan
 * Xie Jinyuan
 * Ye Ting
 * Zhang Fakui
 * Zhang Zhizhong
 * Zhang Zizhong
 * Zhu Shaoliang || === China: Communist  ===
 * Chen Yi
 * [|Deng Xiaoping]
 * He Long
 * [|Lin Biao]
 * Liu Bocheng
 * [|Liu Shaoqi]
 * Luo Ronghuan
 * [|Mao Zedong]
 * Nie Rongzhen
 * Peng Dehuai
 * Su Yu
 * Xu Xiangqian
 * Ye Jianying
 * Zhang Aiping
 * [|Zhou Enlai]
 * [|Zhu De] || === Japan: Imperial Japanese Army  ===
 * Emperor Shōwa
 * Abe Nobuyuki
 * Anami Korechika
 * Prince Asaka Yasuhiko
 * Prince Chichibu Yasuhito
 * Doihara Kenji
 * Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu
 * Hashimoto Kingoro
 * Hata Shunroku
 * Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko
 * Honma Masaharu
 * Ishii Shiro
 * Isogai Rensuke
 * Itagaki Seishiro
 * Prince Kan'in Kotohito
 * Konoe Fumimaro (Kyūjitai)
 * Kanji Ishiwara
 * Koiso Kuniaki
 * Matsui Iwane
 * Mutaguchi Renya
 * Kesago Nakajima
 * Toshizo Nishio
 * Yasuji Okamura
 * Sakai Takashi
 * Sugiyama Hajime
 * Prince Takeda Tsuneyoshi
 * Terauchi Hisaichi
 * Tojo Hideki (Kyūjitai)
 * Umezu Yoshijiro
 * Yamaguchi Tamon
 * Yamashita Tomoyuki ||

[|Manchukuo] Mengjiang East Hebei Autonomous Council Provisional Government of the Republic of China Nanjing Nationalist Government
 * === Puppet governments  ===
 * [|Puyi]
 * Demchugdongrub
 * Yin Ju-keng
 * Wang Kemin
 * Chen Gongbo
 * Wang Jingwei
 * Zhou Fohai ||  || ===  Foreign personnel on Chinese side  ===
 * Alexander von Falkenhausen [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Germany_1933.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_1933.svg.png width="20" height="12" caption="Flag of Germany 1933.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Germany_1933.svg"]]
 * Joseph Stilwell [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png width="20" height="11" caption="Flag of the United States.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"]]
 * Albert Coady Wedemeyer [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png width="20" height="11" caption="Flag of the United States.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"]]
 * Claire Chennault [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png width="20" height="11" caption="Flag of the United States.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"]]
 * Agnes Smedley [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png width="20" height="11" caption="Flag of the United States.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"]]
 * Edgar Snow [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png width="20" height="11" caption="Flag of the United States.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"]]
 * [|Norman Bethune] [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png width="20" height="10" caption="Flag of Canada.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Canada.svg"]]
 * John Rabe [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Germany_1933.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_1933.svg.png width="20" height="12" caption="Flag of Germany 1933.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Germany_1933.svg"]]
 * Jakob Rosenfeld [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png width="20" height="13" caption="Flag of Austria.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Austria.svg"]]
 * Morris Abraham "Two-Gun" Cohen [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png width="20" height="10" caption="Flag of the United Kingdom.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg"]]
 * James Gareth Endicott [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png width="20" height="10" caption="Flag of Canada.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Canada.svg"]]
 * Dwarkanath Kotnis [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png width="20" height="13" caption="Flag of India.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_India.svg"]]
 * George Hogg [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png width="20" height="10" caption="Flag of the United Kingdom.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg"]] ||

Battles
Battles with articles. Flag shows victorious side in each engagement. Date shows beginning date except for the 1942 battle of Changsha, which began in Dec. 1941.
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Mukden September 1931
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Invasion of Manchuria September 1931
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Jiangqiao Campaign October 1931
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge November 1931
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Jinzhou December 1931
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Defense of Harbin January 1932
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/20px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png width="20" height="13" caption="Naval Ensign of Japan.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg"]] Shanghai (1932) January 1932
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Pacification of Manchukuo March 1932
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Great Wall January 1933
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Battle of Rehe February 1933


 * Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933-36)
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Suiyuan Campaign October 1936


 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Battle of Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge Incident) July 1937
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Beiping-Tianjin July 1937
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Chahar August 1937
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/20px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png width="20" height="13" caption="Naval Ensign of Japan.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg"]] Battle of Shanghai August 1937
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Beiping–Hankou August 1937
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Tianjin–Pukou August 1937
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Taiyuan September 1937
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Pingxingguan September 1937
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Battle of Xinkou September 1937


 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Battle of Nanjing December 1937
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Battle of Xuzhou December 1937
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Taierzhuang March 1938


 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Northern and Eastern Honan 1938 January 1938
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Lanfeng May 1938


 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/20px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png width="20" height="13" caption="Naval Ensign of Japan.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg"]] Xiamen May 1938
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Battle of Wuhan June 1938
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Wanjialing


 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Guangdong October 1938
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/20px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png width="20" height="13" caption="Naval Ensign of Japan.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg"]] Hainan Island February 1939
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Battle of Nanchang March 1939
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Battle of Xiushui River March 1939


 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang May 1939
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/20px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png width="20" height="13" caption="Naval Ensign of Japan.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg"]] Shantou June 1939
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Changsha (1939) September 1939
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of South Guangxi November 1939
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Kunlun Pass December 1939


 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] 1939-40 Winter Offensive November 1939
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Wuyuan March 1940


 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang May 1940
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Hundred Regiments Offensive August 1940
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/20px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png width="20" height="13" caption="Naval Ensign of Japan.svg" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg"]] Vietnam Expedition September 1940
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Central Hupei November 1940
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of South Henan January 1941
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Western Hopei March 1941
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Shanggao March 1941
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Battle of South Shanxi May 1941
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Changsha (1941) September 1941
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Changsha (1942) January 1942
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road March 1942
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Battle of Toungoo
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png width="22" height="11" caption="Flag of United Kingdom" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg"]] Battle of Yenangyaung


 * Battle of Zhejiang-Jiangxi April 1942
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of West Hubei May 1943
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan October 1943
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of Changde November 1943
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Operation Ichi-Go
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Operation Kogo Battle of Central Henan April 1944
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Operation Togo 1 Battle of Changsha (1944)
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Japan" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg"]] Operation Togo 2 and Operation Togo 3 Battle of Guilin-LiuzhouAugust 1944


 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Battle of West Hunan April - June 1945
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png width="22" height="15" caption="Flag of Republic of China" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg"]] Second Guangxi Campaign April - July 1945
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png width="22" height="11" caption="Flag of Soviet Union" link="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg"]] Operation August Storm August – September 1945

Aerial engagements

 * Aerial Engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War

Japanese invasions and operations

 * Japanese Campaigns in Chinese War
 * Chinchow Operation
 * Manchukuoan Anti Bandit Operations
 * Operation Nekka
 * Peiking-Hankou Railway Operation
 * Tientsin–Pukow Railway Operation
 * Operation Quhar
 * Kuolichi-Taierhchuang Operation
 * Canton Operation
 * Amoy Operation
 * Hainan Island Operation
 * Han River Operation
 * Invasion of French Indochina
 * Swatow Operation
 * Sczechwan Invasion
 * CHE-KIANG Operation
 * Kwanchow-Wan Occupation
 * Operation Ichi-Go

Attacks on civilians

 * [|Nanking Massacre]
 * Unit 731
 * Unit 100
 * Unit 516
 * Unit 1855
 * Unit 2646
 * Unit 8604
 * Unit 9420
 * Unit Ei 1644
 * [|Comfort women]
 * Sanko sakusen
 * Shantung Incident
 * Taihoku Air Strike
 * Bombing of Chongqing
 * Kaimingye germ weapon attack
 * Changteh Chemical Weapon Attack
 * Battle of Zhejiang-Jiangxi
 * Sook Ching Massacre (specifically against Chinese nationals in Singapore)

Credits
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Evidence associated with John Rabe

A SIMPLE PREZI PRESENTATION https://prezi.com/s3iou0r7jr5l/nanking-massacre/

http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/UsefulNotes/SecondSinoJapaneseWar?from=Main.SecondSino-JapaneseWar

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ma23j/world%20politics/history%20of%20nanking%20M.html

SCROLL DOWN FOR DIFFERENT INFORMATION. MAKE SURE THAT YOU CITE THE ORIGINAL WEBSITES ATTACHED.

PRIMARY SOURCES This information has come from: http://web.library.yale.edu/divinity/nanking/documents


 * ** Part 1 ** || ** Archives of the United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia, Record Group No. 11 ** ||
 * Document filename ||  ||
 * || ** RG 11: **** Box 229 Folder 3875: "College Files: University of Nanking: Correspondence: Wilson, Robert 1937" ** ||
 * [|NMP0012] || Aug. 15 - Sept. 3, 1937 "Dear Folks" ||
 * || Letter from Robert O. Wilson to multiple people ||
 * [|NMP0013] || Aug. 16, 1937 "Dear Dr. Wilson" ||
 * || Letter to Robert O. Wilson from B.A. Garside (?) ||
 * [|NMP0014] || Sept. 24 - Dec. 14, 1937 "Dear Folks" ||
 * || Letter from Robert O. Wilson to multiple people ||
 * [|NMP0015] || Nov. 8, 1937 "Dear Dr. Wilson" ||
 * || Letter to Dr. Wilson from W. Reginald Wheeler (University of Nanking faculty / mission executive) ||
 * [|NMP0016] || Dec. 15, 1937 - Jan. 9, 1938 "Dear Family" ||
 * || Letter from Dr. Wilson to his family ||
 * || ** RG 11: **** Box 229 Folder 3876: "College Files: University of Nanking: Correspondence: Wilson, Robert 1938-1941" ** ||
 * [|NMP0017] || Jan. 28 - 31, 1938 "Dearest Family" ||
 * || Letter from Dr. Wilson to his family ||
 * || ** RG 11: **** Box 229 Folder 3873: "College Files: University of Nanking: Correspondence: Mrs. Robert Wilson 1936-1938" ** ||
 * [|NMP0001] || Dec. 28, 1937 "Dear Mr. Garside" ||
 * || Card from Marjorie Wilson (Mrs. Robert O. Wilson) to B.A Garside (administrator, Associated Boards for Christian Colleges in China) ||
 * [|NMP0002] || Jan. 21, 1938 "Dear Marjorie" ||
 * [|NMP0003] || Jan. 25, 1938 "Dear Marjorie" ||
 * [|NMP0004] || Feb. 17, 1938 "Dear Marjorie" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0005] || August 11, 1938 "Dear Marjorie" ||
 * || All four above (Jan 21-Aug 11, 1938): Letters from B.A. Garside to Marjorie Wilson ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0006] || July 26, 1938 "Dear Mr. Garside" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0007] || August 27, 1938 "Dear Mr. Garside" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0008] || Sept. 23, 1938 "Dear Mr. Garside" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0009] || Sept. 26, 1938 "Dear Mr. Garside" ||
 * || All four above (July 26 - Sept 26) Letters from Marjorie Wilson to B. A. Garside. ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0010] || Sept. 26, 1938 "Dear Marjorie" ||
 * || Letter from B.A. Garside to Marjorie Wilson ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0011] || Oct. 3, 1938 "Mrs. Wilson" ||
 * || Letter from C.A. Evans to Marjorie Wilson regarding issuing her passport ||
 * ** Part 2 ** || ** Albert and Celia Steward Papers, Record Group No. 20 ** ||
 * || ** RG 20: **** Box 10 Folder 220: "Nanking - conditions during Sino-Japanese war" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0018] || "The Classmate - Notes from a Nanking Diary" ||
 * || Newsletter article (The Classmate: A Paper for Young People, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 30, 1938) on Minnie Vautrin"s journal ||
 * || ** RG 20: Box 10 Folder 229: " **** Nanking, University of -newsletters 1937-1946" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0019] || November 10, 1937 "News Flashes from Nanking" ||
 * || Newsletter (News Flashes from Nanking) compiled by W. Reginald Wheeler ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0020] || December 24, 1937 "The University of Nanking" ||
 * || Newsletter (News Flashes from Nanking) compiled by W. Reginald Wheeler ||
 * ** Part 3 ** || ** Miner Searle Bates Papers, Record Group No. 10 ** ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 1 Folder 5: "Bates/wife and sons 1937 Jan-Aug" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0021] || Jan. 11, 1937 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Miner Searle Bates (Bates) to his wife Lilliath (LB), from Shanghai ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0022] || March 23, 1937 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Tokyo ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 1 Folder 6: "Bates/wife and sons 1937 Sep-Oct" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0023] || Sept. 13, 1937 "Dear Mummy" ||
 * || Letter to Lilliath Bates from Morton Bates (son) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0024] || Sept. 13, 1937 "Dearest" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0025] || Sept. 23, 1937 "Dearest" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0026] || Oct. 2-4, 1937 ||
 * || All above (Sept 13 - Oct 4): Letters to LB from Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0027] || Oct. 28, 1937 "Dear Daddy" ||
 * || Letter to Bates from Morton Bates ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 1 Folder 7: "Bates/wife and sons 1937 Nov-Dec" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0028] || Nov. 14, 1937 "Dear Lilliath" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0029] || Nov. 19, 1937 "Dear Searle" ||
 * || Letter from Minnie Vautrin to Bates, Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0030] || Nov. 8, 1937 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0031] || Nov. 5, 1937 "Dearest Lilliath" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0032] || Nov. 17, 1937 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0033] || Nov. 28, 1937 "Dear Lilliath" ||
 * || Postcard from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0034] || December 24, 1937 "Dearest Lilliath" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 1 Folder 8" "Bates/wife and sons 1938 Jan-Feb" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0035] || Jan. 1, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0036] || Jan. 3, 1938 "Dear Lilliath" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0037] || Jan. 9, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0038] || Jan. 16, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0039] || Jan. 21, 1938 "My dear Wife:" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB from Nanking. ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0040] || Jan. 29, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0041] || Jan. 30, 1938 "Dear Morton and Bobby" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to his sons, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0042] || Feb. 1, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0043] || Feb. 3, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0044] || Feb. 11, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0045] || Feb. 13, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0046] || Feb. 17, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0047] || Feb. 23, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0042] || Feb. 1, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0043] || Feb. 3, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0044] || Feb. 11, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0045] || Feb. 13, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0046] || Feb. 17, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0047] || Feb. 23, 1938 "Dearest" ||


 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0048] || Mar. (?) 1938 ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB; Unknown date (page 1 is missing) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0049] || March 5, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0050] || March 12, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0051] || March 15, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0052] || March 21, 1938 (?) "Dear Lilliath" ||
 * || Postcard from Bates to LB ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0053] || March 21 "Notes on items from your letters, March 7-10" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0054] || March 22, 1938 "Dear Lilliath" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0055] || March 30, 1938 "Dear Lilliath" ||
 * || Postcard from Bates to LB ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0056] || April 2, 1938 "Dear L" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0057] || April 20, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0058] || April 27, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0059] || April 28, 1938 "Dear Bobby" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to his son, Bobby ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0060] || April 30, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 1 Folder 10: "Bates to/from wife and sons 1938 May" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0061] || May 11, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0062] || May 16, 1938 "Dearest" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to LB, from Nanking ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 4 Folder 59: "Japanese Embassy, Nanking 1937-1939, Japanese Embassy, Shanghai 1938" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0063] || Dec. 17, 1937 "Gentlemen" ||
 * || Letter to Japanese Embassy from W. Plumer Mills ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0064] || Dec. 17, 1937 "Gentlemen" ||
 * || Letter from Chairman, Emergency Committee, University of Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0065] || Dec. 16, 1937 "Gentlemen" ||
 * || Letter from Chairman, Emergency Committee, University of Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0066] || Dec. 18, 1937 "Gentlemen" ||
 * || Letter from Chairman, Emergency Committee, University of Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0067] || Dec. 19, 1937 &quoquot;Dear Sirs" ||
 * || Letter from Robert O. Wilson ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0068] || Dec. 21, 1937 "Dear Mr. Fukuda" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0069] || Dec. 22, 1937 "Gentlemen" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0070] || Dec. 25, 1937 "Dear Mr. Tanaka" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0071] || Dec. 27, 1937 "Gentlemen" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0072] || Dec. 30, 1937 "Gentlemen" ||
 * || Letter from Charles H. Riggs and Miner Searle Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0073] || Dec. 30, 1937 "Gentlemen" ||
 * || Letter from Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0074] || Dec. 31, 1937 "Gentlemen" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0075] || Jan. 8 - 18, 1938 "Gentlemen" and "Dear Mr. Allison" ||
 * || Letter from Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0076] || Jan. 10, 1938 "Gentlemen" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0077] || Jan. 11, 1938 "Gentlemen" ||
 * || Letter from Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0078] || Jan. 11, 1938 "Notes with a Copy..." ||
 * || Letter to Rees-Baynton ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0079] || Apr. 25, 1938 "Gentlemen" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0080] || Apr. 26, 1938 "Gentlemen" ||
 * || Letter from Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0081] || May 11, 1938 "Dear Mr. Hanawa" ||
 * || Letter from M.S. Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0082] || Sep. 10, 1938 "Dear Sir" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0083] || May 23, 1938 "Dear Mr. Horii" ||
 * || Letter from M.S. Bates ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 4 Folder 60: "L" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0084] || Feb. 8, 1932 "Notes from Nanking" - Japan-China tensions -Manchuria ||
 * || Written by Bates ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 4 Folder 62: "M" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0085] || April 2, 1938 "Dear Mr. McKim ||
 * || Letter from M.S. Bates to Rev. J.C. McKim, c/o Dr. John Wood, 281 Fourth Ave, New York City, regarding New York Times stories on Nanjing atrocities ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 4 Folder 63: "Nanking International Relief Committee 1941; Nanking, University of; Board of Founders 1937-1938"; National Christian Council, Shanghai 1938" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0086] || March 3, 1938 "National Christian Council, Shanghai - Dear Friends" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to National Christian Council - return of missionaries to Nanjing ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0087] || March 28, 1938 "KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS" (2 pages) ||
 * || Legal document by Chairman of Board of University of Nanking, John W Decker, giving Bates power of attorney for U. of Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0088] || April 2, 1938 "Dear Dr. Bates" ||
 * || Letter from C.A. Evans to Bates informing of decision by board to give him power of attorney ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0089] || December 20, 1937 "To Members of the Board of Founders and Relatives of Staff" ||
 * || Letter w/ telegram from US Secretary of State, Cordell Hull to board of U. of Nanking, letter prepared by B.A. Garside, sent to friends and relatives of staff of U. of Nanking informing of safety of staff. ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0090] || May 1, 1941 "Dear Dr. Bates" ||
 * || Letter from Forster, Kearney and Mills to Bates congratulating him on service of Nanking International Relief Committee ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 4 Folder 64: "P-T" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0091] || March 8, 1938 "Dear Friends in God"s Country" ||
 * || Letter from Lewis and Margaret Smythe in Nanjing to United Christian Missionary Society in Indianapolis, IN re. current situation in Nanjing ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 4 Folder 65: "Timperley, H. J. 1936-1938" ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0092] || Jan. 29, 1938 "Dear Bates" ||
 * || Letter from H.J. Timperley (British author/ reporter for the Manchester Guardian) to Bates regarding idea for book on Nanking and China atrocities by Japanese ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0093] || Feb. 16, 1938 "Dear Dr. Hornbeck" ||
 * || Letter to Dr. Hornbeck from Timperley regarding John Magee"s film, written from Shanghai American Club ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0094] || Feb. 17, 1938 "Dear Bates" ||
 * || Letter from H.J. Timperley to Bates about book project, mentions letter to Dr. Hornbeck ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0095] || Feb. 4, 1938 "Dear Bates" ||
 * || Letter from H.J. Timperley to Bates about editing and sources of book project ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0096] || March 3, 1938 "Dear Timperley" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to Timperley about book project ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0097] || March 14, 1938 "Dear Timperley" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to Timperley about book project ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0098] || March 14, 1938 "Dear Bates" ||
 * || Letter from Timperley to Bates about book project with book plan ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0099] || March 21, 1938 "Dear Searle" ||
 * || Letter from Timperley to Bates about book project ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0100] || March 21, 1938 "Dear Timperley ||
 * || Letter from Bates to Timperley about book project ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0101] || March 25, 1938 "Dear Dr. Bates" ||
 * || Letter from Timperley to Bates about book project ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0102] || March 28, 1938 "Dear Bates" ||
 * || Letter from Timperley to Bates about book project ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 90 Folder 718: C. Reports and memoranda from China 1935, 1936 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0103] || November 1935 "Memorandum on Policy Toward Japan" ||
 * || Report by Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0104] || 1936 "Please Destroy This Sheet After Making..." - Report on Present Day Japan ||
 * || Written by Bates with particular reference to policy toward China; based on a visit of Bates to Japan in early 1936 ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0105] || April 10, 1936 "Suggestions on Policy Toward Japan" ||
 * || Written by Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0106] || October 1, 1936 "Notes on the Diplomatic Situation as of Oct. 1, 1936" ||
 * || Written by Bates ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 90 Folder 718: C. Reports and memoranda from China 1935, 1936 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0103] || November 1935 "Memorandum on Policy Toward Japan" ||
 * || Report by Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0104] || 1936 "Please Destroy This Sheet After Making..." - Report on Present Day Japan ||
 * || Written by Bates with particular reference to policy toward China; based on a visit of Bates to Japan in early 1936 ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0105] || April 10, 1936 "Suggestions on Policy Toward Japan" ||
 * || Written by Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0106] || October 1, 1936 "Notes on the Diplomatic Situation as of Oct. 1, 1936" ||
 * || Written by Bates ||


 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0107] || Late 1936 "Explanatory Note to Accompany "Memorandum on Policy toward Japan"" ||
 * || Written by Bates ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 90 Folder 719: C. Reports and Memoranda From **** China, 1937-1938 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0108] || Spring 1937 "Cautious summary report" ||
 * || Summary on army propaganda in Japanese schools ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0109] || Christmas Eve, 1937 "Notes by Bates during December 1937" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0110] || 1937 "Friendly Caution - And a Little Information" ||
 * || Report on Japan by Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0111] || 1937 "Summary Report of a Visit to Japan" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0112] || January 1938 "Statement by Bates Regarding Losses due to Depredations of Japanese Soldiers, Nanking, Dec. 18, 1937 - Jan. 11, 1938" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0113] || January 10, 1938 "Nanking Outrages" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to friends regarding massacre ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0114] || January 1938 "Japanese Propaganda in the Mirror of Events" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0115] || March 1, 1938 "Conjectural Notes and Few Facts on Nanking Economics" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0116] || March 10, 1938 "Newspaper Articles translated by Bates" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0117] || March 26, 1938 "Materials Regarding Problem Of Claims for the University of Nanking" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0118] || March 31, 1938 "Pseudo-Economic Notes from Nanking" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0119] || July 1, 1938 "Nanking Notes (mostly economic)" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0120] || November 22, 1938 "An Open Letter: On the Narcotic Problem, written by Bates" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0121] || Winter 1938 "Preliminary Report on Christian Work in Nanking" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0122] || "Drugs" a report by Bates on the drug situation in Nanking ||
 * || ** RG 10: **** Box 102 Folder 861: Nanking during Sino-Japanese conflict, 1937 Nov ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0123] || November 12, 1936 (7?) "Nanking Notes" ||
 * || Note on official Japanese government secrecy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0124] || November 21, 1937 "To His Honor the Mayor of Nanking" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to the Mayor of Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0125] || November 22, 1937 "An International Committee composed of nationals of Denmark, Germany..." ||
 * || Memo on the creation of the International Safety Zone Committee ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0126] || November 30, 1937 "The International Committee which has been arranging..." ||
 * || Announcement of telegram from International Committee to Japanese authorities in Shanghai ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0127] || "List of American Citizens reported to be residents in Nanking on November 23, 1937" ||
 * || ** RG 10: **** Box 102 Folder 862: Nanking during Sino-Japanese conflict 1937 Dec. 2-15 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0128] || December, 1937 "List of Documents Regarding Rice and Flour Assigned to the International Committee By the Mayor of Nanking, but held by the Japanese Military Authorities" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0129] || December 2, 1937 "Naval Radio" ||
 * || Telegram from American Embassy in Shanghai to Nanking Safety Zone Committee ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0130] || December 2, 1937 "Embassy of the United States of America" ||
 * || Letter from George Atcheson, Jr, Second Secretary of US Embassy, to "All Americans in Nanking" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0131] || December 2, 1937 "Telegram Sent" ||
 * || Telegram from John Rabe, Chair of Nanking Safety Zone, to Father Jacquinot, Chair of Shanghai Safety Zone ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0132] || December 4, 1937 "Naval Radio" ||
 * || Telegram from Father Jacquinot, Chair of Shanghai Safety Zone, to Nanking Safety Zone Committee ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0133] || December 4, 1937 "Dear Mr. Donald" ||
 * || Letter from Nanking Safety Zone Committee to Mr. W. H. Donald, Esq. ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0134] || December 4, 1937 "Embassy of the United States of America" ||
 * || Letter from US Embassy to US citizens regarding evacuation of Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0135] || December 5, 1937 "Embassy of the United States of America" ||
 * || Letter urging Americans to leave Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0136] || December 5, 1937 "Naval radio" ||
 * || Letter from American Embassy to Nanking Safety Zone ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0137] || December 8, 1937 "Embassy of the United States of America" ||
 * || Circular from US Embassy to remaining Americans in Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0138] || December 9, 1937 "Embassy of the United States of America" ||
 * || Circular to Americans in Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0139] || December 10, 11:00 AM "At a meeting of Col..." ||
 * || Report by Nanking Safety Zone on boundaries of Zone ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0140] || December 13, 1937 "Position of the International Relief Committee (Nanking) in Regard to Rice and Flour Assigned to it by the Former Mayor of the City..." ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0141] || December 13, 1937 "Western Nationals in Nanking at the Time of Japanese Entry" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0142] || December 14, 1937 "Mr. Alexander Paul" ||
 * || Letter written by Miss Frances Culley, American nurse in Wuhu General
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0141] || December 13, 1937 "Western Nationals in Nanking at the Time of Japanese Entry" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0142] || December 14, 1937 "Mr. Alexander Paul" ||
 * || Letter written by Miss Frances Culley, American nurse in Wuhu General

Hospital to Alexander Paul in the United States ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0143] || December 9, 1937 "Dear Folks" ||
 * || A collection of letters written by foreign nationals in Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0144] || December 14, 1937 "International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone" ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of the Safety Zone, to the Japanese

Commander of Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0145] || December 15, 1937 "Some Pictures from Nanking" ||
 * || Notes from Bates on situation soon after Japanese entry into Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0146] || December 15, 1937 "International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone" ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of Safety Zone, to Mr. Tokuyasu Fukuda, an

attaché to the Japanese Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0147] || December 13 - 27, 1937 "From a letter of Dr. John W. Wood, Secretary of the Domestic & Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the USA to Mr. Irving in Boston" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0148] || Feb. 3, 1938 (?) "case -1-..." ||
 * || A list of cases of abuse by Japanese soldiers in the Safety Zone ||
 * || ** RG 10: **** Box 102 Folder 863: Nanking during Sino-Japanese conflict 1937 Dec. 16-20 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0149] || December 16, 1937 "Cases of Disorder by Japanese Soldiers in the Safety Zone" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0150] || December 16, 1937 "Western Nationals in Nanking" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0151] || December 17, 1937 "Dear Dr. Fitch" ||
 * || Letter from D.Y. Giang to Dr. George Fitch, Professor at University of
 * || Letter from D.Y. Giang to Dr. George Fitch, Professor at University of

Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0152] || December 18, 1937 "Officers of the Japanese Embassy" ||
 * || Letter from Safety Zone Committee to Japanese Embassy regarding

incidents in Safety Zone ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0153] || December 20, 1937 "American Consulate-General" ||
 * || Telegram from American Consulate in Shanghai to Japanese Embassy in

Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0154] || December 20, 1937 "American Consulate-General-Shanghai" ||
 * || Telegram from American Consulate in Shanghai to Japanese Embassy in

Nanking, with signatures of Committee Members ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0155] || December 15, 1937 "Memorandum of Interview with Chief of Special Service Corps" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0156] || December 16, 1937 "International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone" ||
 * || Letter from Lewis Smythe, Secretary of Safety Zone, to Tokuyasu Fukuda,

attaché to the Japanese Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0157] || December 17, 1937 "Nanking, China..." ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to the Officers of the Japanese Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0158] || December 17, 1937 "International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone" (7 pages) ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of the Safety Zone, to the Imperial Japanese

Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0159] || December 18, 1937 "International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone" (9 pages) ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of the Safety Zone, to the Imperial Japanese

Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0160] || December 19, 1937 "International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone" (10 pages) ||
 * || Collection of letters from members of the Safety Zone Committee to the

Imperial Japanese Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0161] || December 20, 1937 "International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone" ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of the Safety Zone, to the Imperial Japanese

Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0162] || December 25 - January 11 "University of Nanking" ||
 * || A collection of letters from Bates to the Japanese Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0163] || January 18 - January 27, 1938 "American Embassy" ||
 * || Letters from Bates to American Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0164] || December 16-17, 1937 "Notes with a Copy of Correspondence between the University of Nanking and the Japanese Embassy" ||
 * || ** RG 10: **** Box 102 Folder 864 Nanking during Sino-Japanese conflict 1937 Dec. 21-31 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0165] || "American Series Regarding Japanese Occupation of Nanking" ||
 * || Documenting letters sent from Safety Zone Committee to Japanese
 * || Documenting letters sent from Safety Zone Committee to Japanese

Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0166] || "Notes" ||
 * || Part of a note documenting incidents of abuse by Japanese soldiers ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0167] || December 21, 1937 "The Imperial Japanese Embassy" ||
 * || Letter from Foreign Community of Nanking to Japanese Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0168] || December 21, 1937 "Dear Dr. Bates" ||
 * || Letter to Bates from S.T. ? ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0169] || December 22, 1937 "American Consulate General" ||
 * || Telegram from American Consulate General ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0170] || December 24, 1937 "The Japanese Embassy" ||
 * || Letter from Hubert L Sone, Chairman Property Committee of Nanking

Theological Seminary, to Japanese Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0171] || December 25, 1937 "To the Officers of the Imperial Japanese Embassy" ||
 * || Letter from Lewis Smythe, Secretary of the Safety Zone, to Japanese

Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0172] || December 25, 1937 "Dear Dr. Bates" ||
 * || Letter from S.T. ? to Dr. Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0173] || December 26, 1937 "International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone" ||
 * || Letter from Lewis Smythe, Secretary of the Safety Zone, to Japanese

Embassy" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0174] || December 26 - 30, 1937 "International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone" ||
 * || Collection of letters from Safety Zone to Japanese Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0175] || December 27, 1937 "International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone" ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chairman of the Safety Zone Committee, to

Japanese Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0176] || December 28, 1937 "The Sin Shun Pao" ||
 * || Translation of an article written in the Sin Shun Pao in Shanghai ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0177] || December 31, 1937 "Memorandum of Interview Regarding Wang Hsing-Lung ||
 * || Case" ||
 * || ** RG 10: **** Box 102 Folder 865: Nanking during Sino-Japanese conflict 1938 Jan. ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0178] || New Year greeting card from International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0179] || "List of documents for Nanking Safety Zone: Japanese Period" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0180] || "Archicol New York" ||
 * || Report from Bates to New York and Indianapolis ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0181] || January 3, 1938 "Position of the International Committee" ||
 * || Five goals of the Safety Zone Committee ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0182] || January 1, 1938 "Memorandum on Coal Stock, No. 2" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0183] || January 6, 1938 "Hsin Sun Pao" ||
 * || Newspaper article translated by Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0184] || January 6, 1938 "International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone" ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of Safety Zone, to Japanese Army Supply
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of Safety Zone, to Japanese Army Supply

Department ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0185] || January 7, 1938 "The American Embassy" ||
 * || Letter from Lewis Smythe to American Embassy in Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0186] || January 7, 1938 "International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of Safety Zone, to Japanese Army Supply

Department ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0187] || January 7, 1938 "United Christian Missionary Society" ||
 * || Letter from Mae to friends ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0188] || January 8, 1938 "Sin Shun Pao" ||
 * || Newspaper article translated by "S", "Japanese Troops Soothe the Refugees ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0189] || January 8, 1938 "To Allison at his request" ||


 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0190] || January 12, 1938 "Suggested Position as to Search, Seizure and Intimidation" ||
 * || Notes by Bates on foreign property in Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0191] || January 14, 1938 "Mr. Tokuyasa Fukuda" ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of Safety Zone, to Tokuyasa Fukuda of the

Japanese Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0192] || January 15, 1938 "Consulate-General Hankow" ||
 * || Telegram from Bates to Priest ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0193] || January 15, 1938 "International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone" ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of Safety Zone, to Japanese Embassy in

Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0194] || January 17, 1938 "International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone" ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of Safety Zone, to Japanese Embassy in

Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0195] || January 22, 1938 "International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone" ||
 * || Letter from Lewis Smythe to Mr. C. L. Boynton, National Christian

Council ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0196] || January 29, 1938 "The following is an extraction..." ||
 * || Notes on situation in Nanking and letter from Refugees to International

Safety Zone Committee ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0197] || January 31, 1938 "Notes on Present Situation in Nanking" ||
 * || ** RG 10: **** Box 102 Folder 866: Nanking during Sino-Japanese conflict 1938 Feb. ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0198] || 1938 "Classes and Meetings for Refugees in University Main Buildings" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0199] || "German Consulate General, Shanghai" ||
 * || Telegram from John Rabe to German Consulate General (IN GERMAN) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0200] || February 1, 1938 "Dear Mr. Boynton" ||
 * || Letter from Bates to Mr. Boynton (National Christian Council) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0201] || February 3, 1938 "Mr. Hidaka" ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of Safety Zone, to Mr. Hidaka of the Japanese
 * || Letter from John Rabe, Chair of Safety Zone, to Mr. Hidaka of the Japanese

Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0202] || February 3, 1938 "Notes on the Present Situation" ||
 * || Notes written by Bates on situation in Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0203] || February 4, 1938 "Naval radio" ||
 * || Telegram from US Secretary of State Hull to Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0204] || February 6, 1938 "Mr. John M. Allison" ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe to Mr. Allison at the American Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0205] || February 8, 1938 "Matsui Orders Tightening of Army Discipline" ||
 * || Article from the China Press ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0206] || February 10, 1938 "Extract from Letter from Miss J.T. to Mrs. L.B" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0207] || February 10, 1938 "Relief Problems in Nanking upon which Cooperation of Japanese Authorities is Especially Urgent" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0208] || February 14, 1938 "Relief Situation in Nanking" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0209] || February 19, 1938 "Nanking International Relief Committee" ||
 * || Letter from John Rabe to Shanghai Nanking Relief Association, Attn: Rev.

P.F. Price, Chairman ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0210] || February 21, 1938 "Address of John Rabe at Farewell Party by Staff of Nanking Safety Zone" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0211] || February 21, 1938 "John Rabe..." ||
 * || General thank you letter from John Rabe to American, German, Japanese

and British Embassy representatives ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0212] || February 22, 1938 "Memorandum on Relief Problem in Nanking" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0213] || Winter 1938 "Preliminary report on Christian work in Nanking" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0214] || February 24, 1938 "Refugees in the Occupied Areas" ||
 * || Translated newspaper article from Sin Shun Pao ||
 * || ** RG 10: **** Box 102 Folder 867: Nanking during Sino-Japanese conflict 1938 March ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0215] || 1938 "Notes on Methods and Procedure for Economic Inquiry" ||
 * || Survey of damages surrounding Safety Zone ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0216] || March 1, 1938 "Draft for Economic Inquiry" ||
 * || Introduction to Survey of damages surrounding Safety Zone ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0217] || March 1, 1938 "Notes on Present Situation" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0218] || March 2, 1938 "Nanking International Relief Committee" ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills, Vice-Chair of Safety Zone, to Lieutenant-Colonel
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills, Vice-Chair of Safety Zone, to Lieutenant-Colonel

Hirota ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0219] || March 2, 1938 "From Nanking Gazette (Nanking Kung Pao)" ||
 * || Article translated by Bates about Tao His-San"s lost Buddhist relics ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0220] || March 3, 1938 "Notes on the Present Situation" ||
 * || Notes about Nanking compiled by Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0221] || March 3, 1938 "Introduction to Notes on Nanking Economics" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0222] || March 3, 1938 "Nanking International Relief Committee" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Lewis Smythe, Secretary of Safety Zone Committee, to China

International Famine Relief Commission ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0223] || March 10, 1938 "Nanking People"s News" ||
 * || Article translated by Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0224] || "Nanking Today" ||
 * || Report by W.P. Mills, Vice-Chairman of the Safety Zone Committee, on

specific incident with family of Ts"ai Pang Hseng ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0225] || March 21, 1938 "Notes on the Present Situation" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0226] || March 21, 1938 "Notes on German Atrocities in Belgium" ||
 * || Comparison between German atrocities in Belgium in WWI and Japanese

atrocities in Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0227] || March 29, 1938 "Naval Radio" ||
 * || Telegram from Mrs. Bates to Bates ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0228] || March 31, 1938 "The Spirit of the new Reconstruction" ||
 * || A translation of a Japanese army poster ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0229] || March 31, 1938 "Conversation of Consul Tanaka with Bates" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0230] || March 1938 "Results of Investigation of 13,530 families who applied for relief during March" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0231] || February and March 1938 "Reports of the Rehabilitation Commission of the International Relief Committee" ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 102 Folder 868: **** Nanking during Sino-Japanese conflict 1938 April-Nov ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0232] || December 1937 "List of Documents Regarding Rice and Flour Assigned to the International Committee by the Mayor of Nanking but held by the Japanese Military Authorities" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0233] || April 13, 1938 "Nanking International Relief Committee" (3 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills, Vice-Chair of the Safety Zone Committee, to
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills, Vice-Chair of the Safety Zone Committee, to

Yoshiyuki Hanawa, the Consul-General of Japan ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0234] || April 28, 1938 "The Spirit of the New Reconstruction" ||
 * || A translation of Japanese army poster ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0235] || May 13, 1938 "Item from Report of Ginling College Refugee Camp" ||
 * || Incident report by Minnie Vautrin ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0236] || May 13, 1938 "Dear Doctor Imai" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Lewis Smythe to Dr. Imai ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0237] || May 13, 1938 "Dear Doctor Imai" (3 pages) ||
 * || Follow-up letter from Lewis Smythe to Dr. Imai ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0238] || June 20, 1938 "Nanking International Relief Committee" (9 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Lewis Smythe to Dr. John Earle Baker of Shanghai ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0239] || April 23, 1938 "Nanking International Relief Committee" ||
 * || Letter from Lewis Smythe to Dr. G Rosen, German Embassy, Mr. E.W.

Jeffery, British Embassy and Mr. John M. Allison, American Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0240] || April 30, 1938 "War Relief in Nanking" (2 pages) ||
 * || Report on relief efforts ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0241] || April 1938 "War Relief in Nanking" (2 pages) ||
 * || Report on relief efforts ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0242] || May 14, 1938 "Considerations in Determining the Program of the International Relief Committee" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0243] || May 1938 "Nanking International Relief Committee" ||
 * || The results of investigation of 52,539 families who applied for relief from

February to May 1938 ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0244] || August 3, 1938 "Dear Lewis" ||
 * || Letter from George Fitch to Lewis Smythe ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0245] || September 10, 1938 "Scraps of Economic Information" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0246] || September 10, 1938 "Dear Sir" ||
 * || Letter from International Committee to Mr. S. Hidaka of the Japanese

Embassy in Shaghai ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0247] || November 1, 1938 "Work and Program of the Nanking International Relief Committee" (4 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0248] || November 1937 - April 30, 1938 "Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee" (23 pages) ||
 * || Booklet compilation of reports made by the International Relief Committee ||
 * || ** RG 10: **** Box 102 Folder 869: Nanking during Sino-Japanese conflict 1939 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0249] || Booklet by Lewis Smythe, "War damage in the Nanjing area, Dec. 1937" (41 pages) ||
 * || ** RG 10: **** Box 102 Folder 870: Nanking during Sino-Japanese conflict 1940-1941 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0250] || 1938-1939 "Japanese propaganda flyers" (3 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0251] || 1939-40 "Relief in Nanking is grim..." ||
 * || Notes on the relief work in Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0252] || 1940 "Suggested Plan for Survey of Family Records" (3 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0253] || Winter-Spring 1940 "Selections from Report of Survey, based on Families Relieved Winter-Spring 1940" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0254] || September 25, 1940 "Nanking International Relief Committee - Summary Program" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0253] || Winter-Spring 1940 "Selections from Report of Survey, based on Families Relieved Winter-Spring 1940" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0254] || September 25, 1940 "Nanking International Relief Committee - Summary Program" ||


 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0255] || October 12, 1940 "Dear Hall" ||
 * || Letter to Hall listing shipping restrictions between Nanking and Shanghai ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0256] || May 1, 1939 - April 30, 1941 "Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee" (5 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0257] || 1941 "Nanking - Record of Average Retail Prices" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0258] || 1941 "Price Changes In Percentage" ||
 * || ** RG 10: **** Box 102 Folder 871: Nanking during Sino-Japanese conflict n.d. ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0259] || "Brothels are Political Tools in "The New Order in East Asia"" (2 pages) ||
 * || Photograph of Japanese army poster advertising brothel in Nanking. Poster
 * || Photograph of Japanese army poster advertising brothel in Nanking. Poster

appeared in the Eve Post in Japan and has been translated here. ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0260] || 47 pages of miscellaneous documents related to the International Relief Committee ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 103 Folder 874: G. Political + religious situation 1937-1938 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0261] || Sept. 1937 "Secret Japanese Press Laws in North China..." (4 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0262] || Jan. 11, 1938 "Dear Mr. Paul" (14 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Edwin Marx, Mission Secretary, to Mr. Paul ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0263] || January 21, 1938 "China News Letter, Dear Friends of the China Mission" (8 pages) ||
 * || Letters from Phillips House to friends in the United States ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 103 Folder 875: G. Political + religious situation 1939, (1930s?) ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0264] || Jan. 1, 1939 "A Miscellany of Slogans and Similar..." (9 pages) ||
 * || Summary of Japanese army slogans ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0265] || "Political and Economic Conditions in the Occupied Areas of East Central China" (8 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0266] || October 14, 1939 "American Advisory Committee on Civilian Relief in China" ||
 * || Letter from International Committee to the American Advisory Committee
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0266] || October 14, 1939 "American Advisory Committee on Civilian Relief in China" ||
 * || Letter from International Committee to the American Advisory Committee

on Civilian Relief in China and the British Fund for China Relief ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0267] || 1930"s (?) "Japan"s Cultural Invasion of China" (9 pages) ||
 * || Study on Japanese propaganda ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0268] || 1930"s (?) "Japanese Propaganda in the Mirror of Events" (4 pages) ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 87 Folder 682: A. J ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0269] || November, 1937 "Japan"s Great Adventure" (8 pages) ||
 * || Article written by Bates in November 1937 for the New York Times.
 * || Article written by Bates in November 1937 for the New York Times.

Rejected as too heavy, but used in State Department and special groups ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 87 Folder 684: A. L ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0270] || May, 1938 "To the Editor of the North-China Daily News" (3 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Bates to the editor of the North China Daily News ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 87 Folder 690: A. National/Public/Social Affairs series from **** China Missions Newsletter 1935-1950, n.d. ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0271] || April 5, 1936 "National Affairs" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0272] || May, 1936 "National Affairs" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0273] || June, 1936 "National Affairs (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0274] || July 10, 1936 "National Affairs" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0275] || Sept. 19, 1936 "National Affairs" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0276] || Oct. 1936 "National Affairs" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0277] || Nov. 1936 "National Affairs" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0278] || Dec. 1936 "National Affairs" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0279] || Feb. 1937 "National Affairs"(2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0280] || March 6, 1937 "National Affairs" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0281] || April, 1937 "National Affairs" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0282] || May 1937 "National Affairs" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0283] || June 6, 1937 "National Affairs" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0284] || August 1937 "National Affairs" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0285] || Oct. 1, 1937 "National Affairs" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0286] || Nov. 10, 1937 "National Affairs" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0287] || December, 1937 "National Affairs" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0288] || June 14, 1938 "Public Affairs" (2 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0289] || November, 1938 "Public Affairs" (2 pages) ||
 * || ** RG 10: Box 126 Folder 1132: Curriculum vitae, biographical sketches ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0290] || Undated CV of Dr. Miner Searle Bates (by Union Theological Seminary) ||
 * ** Part 4 ** || ** China **** Records Project Miscellaneous Personal Papers Collections, Record Group No. 8 - W. Plumer Mills papers ** ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 141 Folder 11: Mills, W. Plumer - Correspondence to family Jan 3-10, 1938 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0291] || January 3, 1938 "Dear Nina" ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0292] || January 9, 1938 "Dear Nina" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0293] || January 10, 1938 "Dear Nina" (10 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 141 Folder 12: Mills, W. Plumer - Correspondence to family Jan 19 - Feb 9, 1938 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0294] || January 19, 1938 "Dear Family" (9 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to Seyle family ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0295] || January 22, 1938 "Dear Nina" (4 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0296] || January 31, 1938 "Dear Nina" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0297] || February 3, 1938 "Dear Nina" (3 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0298] || February 9, 1938 "Dear Nina" (4 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 141 Folder 13: Mills, W. Plumer - Correspondence to family Feb 19 - 26, 1938 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0299] || February 19, 1938 "Dear Angie" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his daughter, Angie ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0300] || February 20, 1938 "Dear Mary" (4 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Cornelia Mills to Mary Mills ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0301] || February 22, 1938 "Dear Nina" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0302] || February 26, 1938 "Dear Mary" ||
 * || Letter from Cornelia Mills to Mary Mills ||
 * || ** RG 8: Box 141 Folder 14: Mills, W. Plumer - Correspondence to family **** March 2-3, 1938, Feb. 26, Enclosed notes of MS Bates ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0303] || February 26, 1938 "Dear Nina" (3 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0304] || March 2, 1938 "Dear Nina" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0305] || March 3, 1938 "Dear Nina" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 141 Folder 15: Mills, W. Plumer - Correspondence to family March 9-20, 1938 Letter of H. Maxcy Smith incl. talk by John Rabe ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0306] || February 28, 1938 "Tiffin - Foreign YMCA - Shanghai" (3 pages) ||
 * || Talk by John Rabe in Shanghai ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0307] || March 17, 1938 "Dear Mary" ||
 * || Letter from H. Maxcy Smith, American Presbyterian Mission, to Mary
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0305] || March 3, 1938 "Dear Nina" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 141 Folder 15: Mills, W. Plumer - Correspondence to family March 9-20, 1938 Letter of H. Maxcy Smith incl. talk by John Rabe ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0306] || February 28, 1938 "Tiffin - Foreign YMCA - Shanghai" (3 pages) ||
 * || Talk by John Rabe in Shanghai ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0307] || March 17, 1938 "Dear Mary" ||
 * || Letter from H. Maxcy Smith, American Presbyterian Mission, to Mary
 * || Letter from H. Maxcy Smith, American Presbyterian Mission, to Mary

Mills ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0308] || March 9, 1938 "Dear Nina" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0309] || March 12, 1938 "Dear Mary" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Cornelia Mills to Mary Mills ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0310] || March 13, 1938 "Dear Harriet" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Cornelia Mills to Harriet Mills ||
 * || ** RG 8: Box 141 Folder 16: Mills, W. Plumer - Correspondence to family March 18, 31, 1938 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0311] || March 18, 1938 "Dear Nina" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0312] || March 31, 1938 "Dear Mary" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Cornelia Mills to Mary Mills ||
 * || ** China **** Records Project Miscellaneous Personal Papers Collections, Record Group No. 8 - Anna Moffett Jarvis Papers ** ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 103 Folder 2: Jarvis, Anna Moffett - Typescript compilation of letters: "Letters from China 1920-1949 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0313] || June 14, 1936 - 1938 "Letters from China: Pages 18-25" (8 pages) ||
 * || Letters written by Anna Moffett Jarvis ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 103 Folder 3: Jarvis, Anna Moffett - Corres: Circular letters 1937 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0314] || "Notes with a copy of correspondence between the University of Nanking and the Japanese Embassy, 16-27 December, 1937" ||
 * || Letters written by Anna Moffett Jarvis ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 103 Folder 3: Jarvis, Anna Moffett - Corres: Circular letters 1937 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0314] || "Notes with a copy of correspondence between the University of Nanking and the Japanese Embassy, 16-27 December, 1937" ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0314] || "Notes with a copy of correspondence between the University of Nanking and the Japanese Embassy, 16-27 December, 1937" ||


 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0315] || "Copies of letters sent by the Chairman of the Emergency Committee of the University of Nanking to the Japanese Embassy, Nanking, from December 16 to 27 inclusive" (7 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0316] || December 20, 1937 "Dearest Mardie, Chicks and Folks" (29 pages) ||
 * || Anna Moffett Jarvis diary from December 12, 1937 - Jan. 9, 1938 ||
 * || ** RG 8: Box 103 Folder 4: Jarvis, Anna Moffett ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0317] || Jan. 4, 1938 "Dear Ruth" (3 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Minnie Vautrin to Ruth Chester ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0318] || Jan. 8, 1938 "Dear Mr. Fukuda" ||
 * || Letter from Lewis Smythe to Tekuyasa Fukuda of the Japanese Embassy ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0319] || Jan. 10, 1938 "Dear Ruth and Florence" (4 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Minnie Vautrin to Ruth Chester and Florence ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0320] || January 10, 1938 "Dear Friends" (4 pages) ||
 * || Letter from M.S. Bates to friends ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0321] || January 15, 1938 "Dear Mr. Allison" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to J.M. Allison ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0322] || January 24, 1938 "Dear Nina (Mrs. W.P Mills) (3 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to his wife, Nina ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0323] || February 2, 1938 "Telegram Received from Nanking" ||
 * || Telegram from John Rabe to Han Lih Wu ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0324] || February 12, 1938 "Extracts from letters from Margaret Winslett (4 pages) ||
 * || Diary entries of Margaret Winslett, a teacher in Bible Teachers Training
 * || Diary entries of Margaret Winslett, a teacher in Bible Teachers Training

School in Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0325] || February 14, 1938 "Dear Peter Shih (YMCA) (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from George Fitch to Peter Shih of the YMCA ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0326] || March 8, 1938 "Dear Friends in God"s Country" (10 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Lewis and Margaret Smythe to the U.S. ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0327] || April 17, 1938 "Dear Friends" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from W.P. Mills to friends ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0328] || April 29, 1938 "Dear Mr. Shelton" (3 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Lewis Smythe to Williard K. Shelton, Editor of the Christian

Evangelist, St. Louis, Mo. ||
 * || ** RG 8: Box 103 Folder 6: Jarvis, Anna Moffett - Typescript reports, 1937, 1938, 1941, 1942 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0329] || Informal Report to the Board of Founders, Board of Directors, President Wu, Mrs. Thurston..." (11 double-sided pages) ||
 * || Report written by Minnie Vautrin to the Board of Founders, Directors and
 * || Report written by Minnie Vautrin to the Board of Founders, Directors and

President of Ginling Women"s College ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0330] || November 22, 1937 - April 15, 1938 "Nanking International Relief Committee Report of Activities" (4 pages) ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0331] || "Faculty Report of Nanking Theological Seminary" (4 pages) ||
 * || Report from Handel Lee, President of the Nanking Theological Seminary ||
 * || ** China **** Records Project: Miscellaneus Personal Papers Collection, Record Group No. 8 - Ernest & Clarissa Forster Papers ** ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 263 Folder 1: Forster, Ernest & Clarissa - from disbound scrapbook - letters, clippings, ephemera ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0332] || "Dear Friends" (2 double-sided pages) ||
 * || Newsletter from Minnie Vautrin to friends of Ginling Women"s College ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 263 Folder 2: Forster, Ernest & Clarissa - from disbound scrapbook - letters, clippings, ephemera ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0333] || December 7, 1937 "Dear Family" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Clarissa and Ernest Forster to family ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0334] || December 12, 1937 "Darling" (26 pages) ||
 * || Letter from John Magee to his wife ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0335] || January 6, 1938 "Letter from Dr. George Fitch" (4 pages) ||
 * || Letter from George Fitch to friends ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0336] || January 14, 1938 "Dear" ||
 * || Letter from Ernest Forster to his family ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0337] || January 11, 1938 "Dear Billy" (4 pages) ||
 * || Letter from John Magee ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 263 Folder 3: Forster, Ernest & Clarissa - from disbound scrapbook - letters, clippings, ephemera ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0338] || 1936 "A Day-Or More" (booklet) ||
 * || Brief Guide Book to Nanking in English ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0339] || December 16, 1937 "Dear Family" (2 pages) ||
 * || Anonymous letter ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0340] || December 16 - 27, 1937 "Notes with a copy of correspondence between the University of Nanking and the Japanese Embassy" (7 pages) ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 263 Folder 4: Forster, Ernest & Clarissa - from disbound scrapbook - letters, clippings, ephemera ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0341] || August 20, 1937 "Dear Ernest" ||
 * || Letter from John Magee to Ernest Forster ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0342] || August 26, 1937 "Dear Ernest" ||
 * || Letter from John Magee to Ernest Forster ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 263 Folder 6: Forster, Ernest & Clarissa - from disbound scrapbook - letters, clippings, ephemera ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0343] || "Introduction" (24 pages) ||
 * || Introduction to a film series and descriptions of each photograph ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 263 Folder 8: Forster, Ernest & Clarissa - from disbound scrapbook - letters, clippings, ephemera ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0344] || March 28, 1938 Chinese newspaper article ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0345] || February 10, 1938 "Dear" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Ernest Forster to his wife, Clarissa ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0346] || February 10, 1938 "Dear Bishop" ||
 * || Letter from Ernest Forster to Bishop in Shanghai ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0347] || February 17, 1938 "Dear" ||
 * || Letter from Ernest Forster to his wife, Clarissa ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0348] || March 10, 1938 "Gentlemen" (3 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Ernest Forster to American Embassy staff in Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP349] || March 16, 1938 "Dear Friends" (4 pages)
 * || Letter from Ernest Forster to Bishop in Shanghai ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0347] || February 17, 1938 "Dear" ||
 * || Letter from Ernest Forster to his wife, Clarissa ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0348] || March 10, 1938 "Gentlemen" (3 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Ernest Forster to American Embassy staff in Nanking ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP349] || March 16, 1938 "Dear Friends" (4 pages)

Letter from Ernest and Clarissa Forster to friends in the US ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0350] || May 6, 1938 "Dear" (2 pages) ||
 * || Letter from Ernest Forster to his wife, Clarissa ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0351] || "Nanking" (10 pages) ||
 * || Paper on relationship between Christians and citizens of Nanking in 1938,

written by John Magee and Ernest Forster ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0352] || February 18, 1938 "Preliminary Report on Christian Work in Nanking - Winter 1937" (1 double-sided page + 1 page) ||
 * || Prepared by Bates and W.P. Mills ||
 * || ** RG 8: **** Box 263 Folder 9: Forster, Ernest & Clarissa - from disbound scrapbook - letters, clippings, ephemera ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0353] || November 23 - December 14, 1937 "Nanking" (8 pages) ||
 * || Collection of diary entries from Clarissa Forster ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0354] || December 19, 1937 - January 28, 1938 "Mr. Forster"s letters to his wife" (14 pages) ||
 * || A collection of letters from Ernest Forster to his wife, Clarissa ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[|NMP0355] || January 24 - February 13, 1938 "Mr. Forster"s Letters" (12 pages) ||
 * || A collection of diary entries from Ernest Forster ||
 * || A collection of diary entries from Ernest Forster ||

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #585858; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;"> Last modified: Wednesday, January 27, 2016 - 4:01pm
 * ** Part 5 ** || ** From papers of Minnie Vautrin in Record Groups No. 8 & 11, and microfilm Ms 62 ** ||
 * <span style="color: #026cb6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[] || # <span style="font-family: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;"> Microfilmed collection of Vautrin papers includes her diary (1937-1940), correspondence and newsclippings. ||

http://web.library.yale.edu/divinity/nanking/photographs

https://historyofjapan.wordpress.com/2016/03/26/episode-141-nanjing-part-1/

This is from: http://www.history.com/topics/nanjing-massacre

=<span style="color: #111111; font-family: 'Playfair Display',Georgia,serif; font-size: 2.6em;">Episode 142 – Nanjing, Part 1 = <span class="posted-on" style="color: #666666; font-family: Lato,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 0.75em;">ON [|MARCH 26, 2016] <span class="byline" style="color: #666666; font-family: Lato,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 0.75em;"> BY <span class="author vcard" style="color: #666666; font-family: Lato,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 0.75em;"> [|IJMEYER]  <span class="cat-links" style="color: #666666; font-family: Lato,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 0.75em;">IN [|HISTORY], [|JAPAN] , [|UNCATEGORIZED] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 1.05em;"> NOTE: Though there is substantial photographic evidence of the massacre, I am not going to post it directly on the site. If you want to see what things looked like on the ground, you can do so via websites [|like this one], curated by Yale University. However, I know not everybody wants to see those images, so I will not post those images directly. On a related note, this episode contains graphic discussion of murder and rape. Listener discretion is advised. ———————————————- This week, we look at the events of the Nanjing Massacre. Just what happened in China’s capital city in December, 1937? Listen to the episode [|here]. Yoshida, Takashi. //The Making of the Rape of Nanking.// Lu, Suping. //They Were In Nanjing: The Nanjing Massacre as Witnessed by American and British Nationals.// Fogel, Joshua. //The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography.// Chinese defenders of the National Revolutionary Army (Chiang Kaishek’s elite forces) defending Shanghai, 1937. The Battle of Shanghai was supposed to be a Japanese walkover, but ended up lasting more than a month.General Matsui Iwane, commander of the forces which entered Nanjing. Ironically, he was chosen for his position because of his supposed Pan-Asianist views and rapport with the Chinese.Matsui entering Nanjing, December 13, 1937.Prince Asaka Yasuhiko, the nominal commander of the Central China Area Army. A fascist to the core, Asaka was sent to China to get him out of the way.The rough area of the Nanjing Safety Zone about 2 sq. miles total.Refugees waiting for aid in the Nanjing Safety Zone. Courtesy of Yale University.Chinese children huddled in the safety zone. Courtesy of Yale University.John Rabe, the Nazi Party member who led the Safety Zone committee. Rabe was chosen because of the close relations between Germany and Japan, which might facilitate Japanese respect for the zone.Minnie Vautrin, an American who taught at Ginling College and who tried to protect Chinese women on its campus.Vautrin with her students, c. 1934. She is sitting in the second row, ninth from the right. [|Advertisements]
 * Sources**
 * Images**


 * This if from**: http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/nanking.htm

In December of 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army marched into China's capital city of Nanking and proceeded to murder 300,000 out of 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city. The six weeks of carnage would become known as the Rape of Nanking and represented the single worst atrocity during the World War II era in either the European or Pacific theaters of war. The actual military invasion of Nanking was preceded by a tough battle at Shanghai that began in the summer of 1937. Chinese forces there put up surprisingly stiff resistance against the Japanese Army which had expected an easy victory in China. The Japanese had even bragged they would conquer all of China in just three months. The stubborn resistance by the Chinese troops upset that timetable, with the battle dragging on through the summer into late fall. This infuriated the Japanese and whetted their appetite for the revenge that was to follow at Nanking. After finally defeating the Chinese at Shanghai in November, 50,000 Japanese soldiers then marched on toward Nanking. Unlike the troops at Shanghai, Chinese soldiers at Nanking were poorly led and loosely organized. Although they greatly outnumbered the Japanese and had plenty of ammunition, they withered under the ferocity of the Japanese attack, then engaged in a chaotic retreat. After just four days of fighting, Japanese troops smashed into the city on December 13, 1937, with orders issued to "kill all captives." Their first concern was to eliminate any threat from the 90,000 Chinese soldiers who surrendered. To the Japanese, surrender was an unthinkable act of cowardice and the ultimate violation of the rigid code of military honor drilled into them from childhood onward. Thus they looked upon Chinese POWs with utter contempt, viewing them as less than human, unworthy of life. The elimination of the Chinese POWs began after they were transported by trucks to remote locations on the outskirts of Nanking. As soon as they were assembled, the savagery began, with young Japanese soldiers encouraged by their superiors to inflict maximum pain and suffering upon individual POWs as a way of toughening themselves up for future battles, and also to eradicate any civilized notions of mercy. Filmed footage and still photographs taken by the Japanese themselves document the brutality. Smiling soldiers can be seen conducting bayonet practice on live prisoners, decapitating them and displaying severed heads as souvenirs, and proudly standing among mutilated corpses. Some of the Chinese POWs were simply mowed down by machine-gun fire while others were tied-up, soaked with gasoline and burned alive. || **Maps & Photo**  ||
 * [[image:http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/t-map-china.jpg width="100" height="100" align="center" link="http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/china-map.gif"]] ||
 * Present day map of China showing location of Shanghai and Nanking (now called Nanjing). ||
 * [[image:http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/t-map-japan.jpg width="100" height="100" align="center" link="http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/map-japan.gif"]] ||
 * Map of the Japanese Empire at its peak in 1942. ||
 * [[image:http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/t-shanghai-baby.jpg width="100" height="100" align="center" link="http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/shanghai-baby.jpg"]] ||
 * One of the last humans left alive after intense bombing during the Japanese attack on Shanghai's South Station. August 1937. ||

After the destruction of the POWs, the soldiers turned their attention to the women of Nanking and an outright animalistic hunt ensued. Old women over the age of 70 as well as little girls under the age of 8 were dragged off to be sexually abused. More than 20,000 females (with some estimates as high as 80,000) were gang-raped by Japanese soldiers, then stabbed to death with bayonets or shot so they could never bear witness. Pregnant women were not spared. In several instances, they were raped, then had their bellies slit open and the fetuses torn out. Sometimes, after storming into a house and encountering a whole family, the Japanese forced Chinese men to rape their own daughters, sons to rape their mothers, and brothers their sisters, while the rest of the family was made to watch. Throughout the city of Nanking, random acts of murder occurred as soldiers frequently fired their rifles into panicked crowds of civilians, killing indiscriminately. Other soldiers killed shopkeepers, looted their stores, then set the buildings on fire after locking people of all ages inside. They took pleasure in the extraordinary suffering that ensued as the people desperately tried to escape the flames by climbing onto rooftops or leaping down onto the street. The incredible carnage - citywide burnings, stabbings, drownings, strangulations, rapes, thefts, and massive property destruction - continued unabated for about six weeks, from mid-December 1937 through the beginning of February 1938. Young or old, male or female, anyone could be shot on a whim by any Japanese soldier for any reason. Corpses could be seen everywhere throughout the city. The streets of Nanking were said to literally have run red with blood. Those who were not killed on the spot were taken to the outskirts of the city and forced to dig their own graves, large rectangular pits that would be filled with decapitated corpses resulting from killing contests the Japanese held among themselves. Other times, the Japanese forced the Chinese to bury each other alive in the dirt. After this period of unprecedented violence, the Japanese eased off somewhat and settled in for the duration of the war. To pacify the population during the long occupation, highly addictive narcotics, including opium and heroin, were distributed by Japanese soldiers to the people of Nanking, regardless of age. An estimated 50,000 persons became addicted to heroin while many others lost themselves in the city's opium dens. In addition, the notorious Comfort Women system was introduced which forced young Chinese women to become slave-prostitutes, existing solely for the sexual pleasure of Japanese soldiers. News reports of the happenings in Nanking appeared in the official Japanese press and also in the West, as page-one reports in newspapers such as the //New York Times//. Japanese news reports reflected the militaristic mood of the country in which any victory by the Imperial Army resulting in further expansion of the Japanese empire was celebrated. Eyewitness reports by Japanese military correspondents concerning the sufferings of the people of Nanking also appeared. They reflected a mentality in which the brutal dominance of subjugated or so-called inferior peoples was considered just. Incredibly, one paper, the //Japan Advertiser//, actually published a running count of the heads severed by two officers involved in a decapitation contest, as if it was some kind of a sporting match. In the United States, reports published in the //New York Times//, //Reader's Digest// and //Time Magazine//, were greeted with skepticism from the American public. The stories smuggled out of Nanking seemed almost too fantastic to be believed. Overall, most Americans had only a passing knowledge or little interest in Asia. Political leaders in both America and Britain remained overwhelmingly focused on the situation in Europe where Adolf Hitler was rapidly re-arming Germany while at the same time expanding the borders of the Nazi Reich through devious political maneuvers. Back in Nanking, however, all was not lost. An extraordinary group of about 20 Americans and Europeans remaining in the city, composed of missionaries, doctors and businessmen, took it upon themselves to establish an International Safety Zone. Using Red Cross flags, they brazenly declared a 2.5 square-mile area in the middle of the city off limits to the Japanese. On numerous occasions, they also risked their lives by personally intervening to prevent the execution of Chinese men or the rape of women and young girls. These Westerners became the unsung heroes of Nanking, working day and night to the point of exhaustion to aid the Chinese. They also wrote down their impressions of the daily scenes they witnessed, with one describing Nanking as "hell on earth." Another wrote of the Japanese soldiers: "I did not imagine that such cruel people existed in the modern world." About 300,000 Chinese civilians took refuge inside their Safety Zone. Almost all of the people who did not make it into the Zone during the Rape of Nanking ultimately perished.

Nanking Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfkk-GtM_sI Extremely rare footage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVRBPGe2k94

Alternative Japanese view https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-5ItfKF_RY

This information has come from Iris Chang's book T__he Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II,__ Basic Books, 1997.

INTRODUCTION: ...Americans think of World War Ii as beginning on December 7, 1941, when Japanese carrier-based airplanes attacked Pearl Harbor. Europeans date if from September 1, 1939, and the blitzkrieg assault on Poland by Hitler's Luftwaffe and Panzer divisions. Africans see an even earlier beginning, the invasion of Ethiopia by Mussolini in 1935. Yet Asians must trace the war's beginnings all the way back to Japan's first steps towards the military domination of East Asia - the occupation of Manchuria in 1931.

Just as Hitler's Germany would do half a decade later, Japan used a highly developed military machine and a master-race mentality to set about establishing its right to rule its neighbours. Manchuria fell quickly to the Japanese, who established their government of Manchukuo,, ostensibly under their puppet, the deposed emperor of China, but in fact run by the Japanese military. Four years later, in 1935, parts of Chahar and Hopeh were occupied; in 1937 Peking, Tientsin, Shanghai, and finally Nanking fell. ...

...we do know the story of Nanking because some foreigners witnessed the horror and sent word to the outside world at the time, and some Chinese survived as eyewitnesses. If one event can be held up as an example of the unmitigated evil lying just below the surface of unbridled military adventurism, that moment is the Rape of Nanking.

...The broad details of the Rape are, except among the Japanese, not in dispute. In November 1937, after their successful invasion of Shanghai, the Japanese launched a massive attack on the newly established capital of the Republic of China. When the city fell on December 13, 1937, Japanese soldiers began an orgy of cruelty seldom if ever matched in world history. Tens of thousands of young men were rounded up and herded to the outer areas of the city, where they were mowed down by machine guns, used for bayonet practice, or soaked with gasoline and burned alive. For months the streets of the city were heaped with corpses and reeked with the stench of rotting human flesh. Years later experts at the International Military Tribunal of the Far East (IMTFE) estimated that more than 260,000 noncombatants died at the hands of Japanese soldiers at Nanking in late 1937 and early 1938, though some experts have placed the figure at well over 350,000. ...for its aim (This book) is not to establish a quantitative record to qualify the event as one of the great evil deeds of history, but to understand the event so that lessons can be learned and warnings sounded. ...

...It is certainly true that in the 20th century, when the tools of mass murder were fully refined, Hitler killed about 6 million Jews, and Stalin more than 40 million Russians, but these deaths were brought about over some few years. In the Rape of Nanking the killing was concentrated within a few weeks.

...the Rape of Nanking represents one of the worst instances of mass extermination. ...The death toll of Nanking-one Chinese city alone-exceeds the number of civilian casualties of some European countries for the entire [Second World] war. Great Britain lost a total of 61,000 civilians, France lost 108,000, Belgium 101,000, and the Netherlands 242,000. ...Indeed, whether we use the most conservative number - 260,000 - or the highest - 350,000 - it is shocking to contemplate that the deaths at Nanking far exceeded the deaths from the American raid on Tokyo (an estimated 80,000-120,000 deaths) and even the combined death toll of the two atomic blasts at Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the end of 1945 (estimated at 140,000 and 70,000 respectively).

The Rape of Nanking should be remembered not only for the number of people slaughtered but for the cruel manner in which many met their deaths. Chinese men were used for bayonet practice and in decapitation contests. An estimated 20,000-80,000 Chinese women were raped. Many soldiers went beyond rape to disembowel women, slice off their breasts, nail them alive to walls. Fathers were forced to rape daughters, and sons their mothers, as other family members watched. Not only did live burials, castration, the carving of organs, and the roasting of people become routine, but more diabolical tortures were practiced, such as hanging people by their tongues on iron hooks or burying people to their waists and watching them get torn apart by German Shepherds. So sickening was the spectacle that even the Nazis in the city were horrified, one proclaiming the massacre to be the work of "bestial machinery."

Yet the Rape of Nanking remains an obscure incident. Unlike the atomic explosions in Japan or the Jewish Holocaust in Europe, the horrors of the massacre at Nanking remain virtually unknown to people outside Asia. ...Only in Robert Leckie's Delivered from Evil: The Saga of World War II (1987) did I find a single paragraph about the massacre: "Nothing the Nazis under Hitler would do to disgrace their own victories could rival the atrocities of Japanese soldiers under Gen. Iwane Matsui."

I first learned about the Rape of Nanking when I was a little girl. The stories came from my parents, who had survived years of war and revolution ...They had grown up in China in the midst of World War II and after the war fled with their families, first to Taiwan and finally to the United States to study at Harvard and pursue academic careers in science. ...But they never forgot the horrors of the Sino-Japanese War, not did they want me to forget. They particularly did not want me to forget the Rape of Nanking. Neither of my parents witnessed it, but as young children they had heard the stories, and these were passed down to me. The Japanese. I learned, sliced babies not just in half but in thirds and fourths, they said; the Yangtze River ran red with blood for days. Their voices quivering with outrage, my parents characterised the Great Nanking Massacre, or Nanjing Datusha, as the single most diabolical incident committed by the Japanese in a war that killed more than 10 million Chinese people.

Throughout my childhood Nanjing Datusha remained buried in the back of my mind as a metaphor for unspeakable evil. But the event lacked human details and human dimensions. It was also difficult to find the line between myth and history. ....If the Rape of Nanking was truly so gory, ...then why hadn't someone written a book about it?

...Nancy Tong, and independent filmmaker who had produced and codireted with Christine Choy //In the name of the Emperor.// Shao Tzuping and Nancy Tong helped plug me into a network of activits, many of them first-generation Chinese Americans and Chinese Canadians who, like me, felt the need to bear witness [talk about] the event, to document and publicise it,and even to seek restitution for the atrocities of Nanking before all the surviving victims passed away.